tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74657133481663002282024-03-12T20:25:47.943-04:00西藏:另一种真实Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.comBlogger319125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-79929296386781395982023-03-09T09:43:00.008-05:002023-03-09T09:48:13.421-05:00丁一夫:《睡眠、梦和死亡过程》出版感言<p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHqE5jpNDcexth4X7Bv0oEc1pSE4djBzQEjiLmhwCOT59ZQbA6AXq4ukre-lNnW4zoLkKBp8rhBnnjeF4rl-BHPk16qRXe0N95d8l8MKHhbDKVBW46YZY3TufhfdSgLZI0Vk2r-ixeLA9Bp7pbrvfGZGuzWDuLZXZqvYaywq0jHQ-fj716P4tFAYy_" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="699" data-original-width="554" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHqE5jpNDcexth4X7Bv0oEc1pSE4djBzQEjiLmhwCOT59ZQbA6AXq4ukre-lNnW4zoLkKBp8rhBnnjeF4rl-BHPk16qRXe0N95d8l8MKHhbDKVBW46YZY3TufhfdSgLZI0Vk2r-ixeLA9Bp7pbrvfGZGuzWDuLZXZqvYaywq0jHQ-fj716P4tFAYy_=w253-h320" width="253" /></a><br /></div><p></p><ul style="background-color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 1.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #666666; font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">作者:</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">佛朗西斯科.瓦瑞拉</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p></li><li style="line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 1.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">譯者:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">丁一夫</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p></li><li style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://www.books.com.tw/web/sys_puballb/books/?pubid=eaglepublishing" style="outline: none; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">鷹出版</a><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">,</span><span style="text-align: left;">2023</span></li></ul><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">本书记录了达赖喇嘛和一组西方科学家一九九二年在印度达兰萨拉举的行为期一周对话会。这是达赖喇嘛和西方科学家对话三十年中极其重要的一次会议。这次对话的组织者,弗朗西斯</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">·</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">瓦瑞拉是当代著名神经科学家,他也是一位藏传佛教修行者。他在会后整理、编辑和出版了这次会议的记录。参与这次对话的科学家和佛教界修行者,看到了这种对话的意义,从而开始了</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">Mind & Life Institute </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">和达赖喇嘛持续对话的平台。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">在这次对话中,西方科学家和东方佛教智者一起,讨论了睡眠、睡梦和濒临死亡过程中的大脑和意识。这两组完全不同领域的智者探索一个共同的难题:意识到底是什么?这是一个与我们的生存休戚相关,却从来没有能得出一个完备答案的问题。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">从这个问题进一步引申,又出现更多的问题,意识来自于什么地方,又去了什么地方?意识的本质是什么?当代很多西方神经科学家认为,意识和大脑不可分离,意识是大脑神经元活动的产物。没有大脑就没有意识。大脑如果失去功能,意识就消失了。所以当代医学有</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">脑死亡</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的概念。大脑一旦死亡,意识即刻消失,人就可以看作是死亡了。但是这一结论并没能回答大脑怎么会产生意识的,意识到底是什么等等根本性的问题。为什么大脑神经元的活动使人具有那么复杂的情绪,感情,思维,为什么人的精神世界如此丰富多彩?</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">西方历史上的弗洛伊德精神分析试图从另一个方向来回答这个问题,但是当代大脑神经科学认为精神分析的方法和结论不满足科学的客观性要求,不符合科学性的标准。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">另一方面,藏传佛教对人类心识的探索和修行,已经有悠久的历史。达赖喇嘛说过,对外在物质世界的探索研究,当代西方科学远远走在东方佛教文明之前,但是对人类自身心识的探索研究,即对意识本质的探讨,佛教积累了大量的成果,包括理论上的思考和修行实践的结果。在这方面,是东方佛教走在了西方科学前面。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">作为科学家的弗朗西斯</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">·</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">瓦瑞拉同意这一观点。作为科学家,他理解当代西方科学研究的客观性要求,即科学陈述必须是</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第三人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的,科研的对象只能是科研者之外的客体,而不能是科研者自身的体验和感觉。所以,当代科学规范排斥</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第一人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的陈述。瓦瑞拉提出,对人类心智的研究,即对意识本质的探索,必须打破</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第三人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的禁锢。在这个研究领域里,</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第一人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的陈述材料,诸如</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">我感觉到</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">我梦见了</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的陈述,只要符合一定的要求,那么就是有用的研究材料,是这一领域的科学研究不可回避的正当途径。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">比如对睡眠和梦的研究,大脑神经科学采用先进的仪器检测睡梦中大脑不同区域,不同神经网络的电和化学状态,这是一种客观性的</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第三人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的陈述。而睡眠者本人说的</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">我梦见了</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">我感觉到</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,则是</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第一人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的陈述。这种陈述是以前的科学规范所排斥的,因为这种陈述是主观的,陈述者可能有错觉,可能撒谎,可能说不清楚或者说错了。但是瓦瑞拉提出,对意识之本质的研究,必须允许并引入</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">第一人称</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">的陈述。</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span>
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">一旦在这一点上达成共识,西方神经科学家和佛教修行者的对话和合作就建立起了基础。在本书所记录的对话过程中,科学家和佛教修行者都深感获益匪浅。在这次对话后,科学家和修行者渐渐地开始了研究合作,科学家提供先进的仪器设备,对修行者观想修行过程中的大脑进行检测分析,修行者既是研究的参与者,也是被研究的对象。他们都同意,有关意识的本质,有关人类自身的心识,我们所不知道的部分远远地大于我们已知的部分,而他们的合作研究,开拓了人类理解自身心智的领域,有利于通过修行培养慈悲心,以有益于个人和社会。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">如今,电脑和互联网科技推动的人工智能出现了令人赞叹的成果。即使在人类能大规模地采用和得益于这种技术的时候,未来的人工智能会达到什么程度,会有什么后果,依然存在至今仍没有答案的种种可能性,因为我们仍然还不能回答意识的本质是什么,人类心识的来龙去脉是什么等等根本性的问题。此时重温这三十年前西方科学家和东方佛教修行者的对话,仍然能扩大视野,开拓思维。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">作为译者,我们感谢达赖喇嘛尊者为中文版赐序,感谢</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">Mind and Life Institute </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">和</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">Wisdom Publication</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,感谢土登晋巴先生的支持,感谢远足文化事业股份有限公司出版本书,感谢富察先生,感谢达赖喇嘛尊者的藏中文译员蒋杨仁钦博士和当代西藏历史研究者李江琳的审校,感谢本书编辑们的辛勤工作。</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">二</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;">0</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">二三年三月</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #282828; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #282828; font-family: SimSun; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif">光传媒首发:</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="color: #282828;">https://ipkmedia.com/216208/</span></span></p>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-83962449462345686972023-03-03T10:15:00.002-05:002023-03-06T12:19:31.493-05:00周小青:父亲周仁山在西藏“文革”中的神秘失踪<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjiiwxNFYLLt-409Na-CIP8yhIs0iDbYwXG3je8SiIlsW0wxdZ4Caa7idIQ7Co8C1QyRy22_wfEj6rd4lioW5LXLR0LxG41Y9Ys6k6w0wO6rlhyt3Ip5t9Wq6Ku1XSPW3Zgsl8QsmbDwKce9vKU64jIvkZkAFwlmwsxEIIGWSzC9CGft1Se92HYrJPn" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="582" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjiiwxNFYLLt-409Na-CIP8yhIs0iDbYwXG3je8SiIlsW0wxdZ4Caa7idIQ7Co8C1QyRy22_wfEj6rd4lioW5LXLR0LxG41Y9Ys6k6w0wO6rlhyt3Ip5t9Wq6Ku1XSPW3Zgsl8QsmbDwKce9vKU64jIvkZkAFwlmwsxEIIGWSzC9CGft1Se92HYrJPn=w400-h268" width="400" /></a><br /><span style="color: #030303; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 50pt;">1968</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #030303; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 50pt;">年</span><span style="color: #030303; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 50pt;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #030303; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 50pt;">月,西藏拉萨群众批斗大会,周仁山做检查</span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">1981</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">年党的十一届六中全会和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">2021</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">年党的十九届六中全会通过的关于党的历史问题的决议,对</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">文革</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">定性为十年内乱并<span style="background: white;">作出了彻底否定</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">“<span lang="ZH-CN">文化大革命</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">的重大决策</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">。父亲周仁山在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">文革</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 21pt;">中的一段离奇经历,记录了西藏文革中从上到下,从政府到个人的混乱局面,以及人性权力欲望的恶意膨胀和极端环境下的无奈与期望,表现了时间和事实对正义的最后坚守。</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">一.</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">“<b><span lang="ZH-CN">文革</span>”</b></span><span face=""Impact","sans-serif"" lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Impact; mso-fareast-font-family: Impact;">乱象</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1966<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月以后,全国各地轰轰烈烈的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">文革</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">运动逐渐进入高潮,由于西藏的特殊性其进展的速度远远落后于内地。</span><span style="background: white;">8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>19<span lang="ZH-CN">日拉萨五万群众集会,西藏文化大革命的序幕正式拉开。</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日拉萨中学、西藏师范学校等学校的红卫兵开始走上街头</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">破四旧</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,拉萨各居委会要求居民对所辖区的寺院、佛殿、佛塔等宗教建筑</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">破四旧</span>”, <span lang="ZH-CN">大昭寺等寺院被砸。</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>27<span lang="ZH-CN">日群众沿街游斗所辖区的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">牛鬼蛇神</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,并在大昭寺的讲经场集中批斗。</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">原西藏工委和自治区的主要领导很快随着运动的进展离开了其各自的领导岗位。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">8<span lang="ZH-CN">月下旬,红卫兵翻墙闯进十世班禅在北京的住处,用卡车把他拉到中央民族学院关押,查抄了他的寓所并召开几千人的大会对他进行了多次的批斗。由于拉萨对众多民主人士的揪斗加剧,</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>27<span lang="ZH-CN">日为了阿沛</span>·<span lang="ZH-CN">阿旺晋美夫妇的安全,中央要求西藏军区派人护送他们进京。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">10<span lang="ZH-CN">月大昭寺被设为</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">红卫兵破四旧成果展览办公室</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,全拉萨在</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">破四旧</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">时收缴的佛像等珍贵佛教用具集中于此,经版、经书、唐卡等被当成燃料使用。不到一年前的</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1965<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月西藏自治区成立后,原中央人民政府驻西藏代表张经武完成使命回京,</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月担任中共中央统战部副部长。</span>1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年秋被打成</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">贺龙二月兵变</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">参与者,</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月张经武被逮捕关压在北京卫戍区二师外馆斜街的交通干校里。在监狱中性格刚强的张经武在严刑审讯中受到严重的摧残,右肱骨被打断骨折,左肘骨节被打得脱臼。(他一只胳膊脱臼,另一只被打的骨折)后来他继续以绝食的方式抗争,经过一个多星期的绝食出现生理衰竭和休克现象,于</span>1971<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>27<span lang="ZH-CN">日在北京卫戍区二师医院地下室水泥地上身亡</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">骨灰至今不知去向。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1966<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月,原西藏军区政委谭冠三因身体原因,调离西藏和长期工作的军队,到北京任全国最高人民法院第一副院长,主持日常工作。这时,拉萨的社会动乱已经进入高潮,</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">日</span>-12<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>18<span lang="ZH-CN">日</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">区党委召开三级干部会议</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">期间区党委在文化宫广场召开了万人大会,张国华代表区党委作了执行“资产阶级反动路线”的检查。</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">日造反派组织</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">拉萨革命造反总部</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">(造总)上千人举行成立大会,总部设在饶西达孜,原达赖喇嘛家族的官邸,后为西藏自治区政府第二招待所。</span><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">受上海“一月风暴”的影响,</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">日西藏日报社的部分职工组成的造反团宣布夺了该报社的权,随后新华社西藏分社,广播电台,自治区各部、委、厅、局相继被造反派夺权。</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">日中央同意张国华留北京治病,并任命父亲周仁山为西藏自治区党委代理第一书记。</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">日</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">无产阶级大联合革命总指挥部</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">(大联指)成立,总部设在布达拉宫下的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">雪</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">村和自治区党委院内原班禅喇嘛住所。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日军区用武力包围了被造反派占领的西藏日报社。在此期间,造总组织内部成立一个 “专打土皇帝联络委员会”,将矛头直指张国华。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">对报社实行军事接管后,</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">日西藏日报事件未经流血平息下来,“造总”负责人陶长松等被关押。</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">4<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">日中央文革下达指示为造反派平反,停止镇压造反派。</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">日中共中央决定成立西藏军事管制委员会,张国华为主任,任荣、陈明义为副主任</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">同时张国华调四川省任党委第一书记,兼西藏军区司令员,而军管的实际负责人是军区副政委任荣。</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日,中央文革小组给拉萨“造总”等组织电报,针对这些组织提出的一些问题作出两个回答。
第一个明确表示:“</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">中央军委二月十二日给西藏军区的电报是代表毛主席和党中央意见的,中央文革小组完全拥护这个电报所说的。张国华同志是站在毛主席路线一边的,尽管他在工作上有缺点和错误,但基本上是个好同志,望军区党委同志向革命同志作些工作。”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">
也就说明确表示毛泽东要保护张国华。 </span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-indent: 21pt;">军管会一开始支持“造总”,但是由于“造总”把矛头指向张国华,军队转而支持“大联指”。随着两派的对立不断激化和升级,出现了暴力冲突,使西藏军管后的形势越加复杂,武斗越加恶化。父亲和原西藏自治区党委书记,军区副政委王其梅相继在拉萨多次受到残酷批斗。王其梅在揪斗所谓</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-indent: 21pt;">“<span lang="ZH-CN">六十一</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">叛徒集团后,暴力批斗致使身心虚弱不得不回北京治病,</span>1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">日终因病情严重在北京含冤去世。</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">日至</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>17<span lang="ZH-CN">日拉萨的两派群众组织在拉萨街头的武斗加剧,在很短的时间里,拉萨因武斗死亡约</span>120<span lang="ZH-CN">人,双方各有伤亡。</span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-indent: 21pt;">在西藏自治区党委机关和政府被群众组织夺权后,两派组织斗争和争夺焦点集中到周仁山。</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-indent: 21pt;"> 1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日,父亲被军管,但仍避免不了被批斗,原来在区党委大院的家已经无法居住。据秘书陈培勤回忆,</span>67<span lang="ZH-CN">年夏他回到父亲的住所,看到所有的东西都被砸烂,文件笔记被拿走,唯一留下的私人用品是一套置于墙角的被褥,打开时里面已满是老鼠。父亲是</span>1956<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月从青海省委调入西藏的,直至</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">文革</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">的</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">多年间,一直负责工委和自治区党委的常务工作,经历了平叛、民主改革和自治区成立的全过程。而</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">文革</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">的冲击只在一年的时间就同时失去了工作和居住的家,父亲在激烈的批斗和残酷的体罚中没有惧怕,但是对这场突如其来的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">革命大潮</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">不知所措。</span></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">时至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">67<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">全国已相继有八、九个省、市、自治区成立了“革命委员会”(革委会),而西藏拉萨尚处于</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">大联指</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">和</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">造总</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">两大派群众组织势均力敌的局面。中央领导于</span>1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>18<span lang="ZH-CN">日接见赴京开会的西藏党、政、军领导,发现两派组织一个最大的分歧点就是对待父亲的态度截然相反,一个坚决要</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">打</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,主要理由是</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山是国民党特务,假党员</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,一个坚决要</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">保</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,是因为历史问题没有调查清楚,周是好的领导干部。这个问题成为当时两大派激烈争辩的主要焦点。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">一同回到拉萨的新华社记者描述了当时的情况,父亲继续在支持他的一派和打倒他的一派之间无情的拉扯中艰难度日</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">每天批斗不断。由于一派的保护,另一派的攻击很难发生效用,他们就采取断然行动。结果是双方都动用武力人身抢夺周仁山,以致酿成武斗,危及到两派群众的生命安全。
西藏由于其特殊的原因,派性斗争有可能会演变成民族冲突,这在内地是不多见的。一天,</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">造总</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">一方突然间公开对外宣布周仁山已离开总部</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">不知去向。支左部队</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">大联指</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">派人四处寻找,但是都未能获知父亲的下落,数日后判断他可能已远离拉萨,逃躲他乡。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">二.藏匿行踪</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">由于西藏拉萨的两派群众组织持续在父亲批斗和保护的问题上激烈争执,在军管支左部队都无法解决的情况下,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">“<span lang="ZH-CN">造总</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">秘密策划了一个大胆的方案,决定将父亲尽快转移至边远地区藏匿起来,躲避另一派组织的纠缠。经过几天的准备,</span>1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">日清晨五点,在一位方姓医生的帮助下,父亲悄悄的离开拉萨总医院,为了躲避人们的视线,几经辗转于中午十二点来到拉萨公路管理局汽车队,司机朱师傅开了一辆解放牌卡车,一行六人驶往朝格尔木方向。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">父亲挤在驾驶室里,卡车离开拉萨,大家都松了一口气。
数天来的疲惫袭来,他感觉似乎可以睡一会儿。然而,长期的工作习惯以及在复杂斗争环境中的紧张,他不敢睡,不知是数月中不断地精神和身体折磨,还是突然意外地逃离险境,也使父亲不能入眠。众人连夜赶路,汽车颠簸地慢慢爬坡,直到第二天清晨。即便经过几个小时的山路,大家都知道可能还没有脱离危险,随时都有可能被人发现。这次历险不能声张,不能露面,不能和任何人联系</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">... <span lang="ZH-CN">汽车慢慢穿过那曲安多县,艰难地翻越</span>5231<span lang="ZH-CN">米的唐古拉山,这个天然屏障此时似乎成了一道政治疆界,翻过了这座高山也许才能安全。汽车一天直行,夜闯整个唐古拉山脉,不确定的政治环境和高寒缺氧,五十五岁的父亲生命安危牵扯着车上每个人的心。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">父亲在日记中记录:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">日天亮时分,汽车一夜奔波后到达雁石坪。这里位于西藏自治区和青海省的交界处,是唐古拉山中的一座古镇,海拔</span>4713<span lang="ZH-CN">米。大家在雁石坪吃饭休息,这里人烟稀少,没有文革的迹像,感觉轻松了许多。下午继续西行,在温泉站加满了油,又行驶大约</span>200<span lang="ZH-CN">公里,地势平坦了许多。经过著名的可可西里天然草场,来到昆仑山不冻泉纳赤台,藏语的意思是</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">沼泽中的台地</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">。一行人在纳赤台住了下来,这也许是父亲几个月来第一次安静的入睡。纳赤台离格尔木不到</span>100<span lang="ZH-CN">公里,由于一路紧张的奔波,大家疲惫不堪,第二天早晨都没有起床。父亲躺在床上一下子回想起</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">年前在内蒙古额济纳旗从事地下工作的经历。那时他两次由党组织派往该旗从事团结上层,宣传抗日,组织革命队伍的工作。由于国民党专员和特务机关的监视和追杀,在额旗塔王塔旺扎布的帮助下,两次化妆连夜出逃,
连奔数日才逃离险境。往事的回忆和这几天的逃离险境,父亲再一次感到生命的可贵,以及这次在不同历史背景下出逃的种种无奈。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">日上午,一行人终于到达格尔木。大家非常高兴。当天下午司机,朱师傅带大家到他的朋友蔡仪家休息。晚上找到一家小旅社,父亲在一楼六号的一个套间住下。这时方医生和其他两位同志顺利完成了护送任务,又要连夜返回拉萨。父亲和他们告别,感激之情难以言表。马上要到西宁了,是不是应和上级联系,决定下一步去向?大家商量的结果决定还是了解一下西宁方面的动向再行动。这样司机朱师傅</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">医生杨桂琴和父亲在小旅馆住了差不多十天,为了不让人注意,杨医生又联系了河东旅社。父亲和朱师傅在那里住了三天,等待下一步计划。</span>20<span lang="ZH-CN">日晚,在一个名叫邵纪法的人家里凑合了一晚,第二天傍晚从邵家出发,三人连夜赶往诺木洪一个铁路道班住下。次日清晨沿着六号公路行程</span>340<span lang="ZH-CN">多公里,来到青海海西地区都兰县。</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">日继续赶路一整天,晚上到达省会西宁市区。当晚父亲他们住在西宁大厦四层。第二天了解到的情况是,早在</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>25<span lang="ZH-CN">日经中央同意,<span style="background: white;">原甘肃省委、</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.gsei.com.cn/"><span color="windowtext" lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">兰州</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">市委的正副领导,统一由</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.gsei.com.cn/"><span color="windowtext" lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">兰州</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">军区管理,各群众组织若要批斗时,必须同支左办公室联系协商安排,并通告要求各群众组织立即停止武斗。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">日中央正式批准成立甘肃省革命委员会筹备小组,由兰州军区政委冼恒汉任主任,</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">同时主持甘肃,青海,宁夏,陕西四省的支左工作。根据这一情况,父亲决定还是前往兰州。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">25<span lang="ZH-CN">日一早他们驱车前往兰州,当晚在兰州市中山旅舍住宿,为了安全第二天再转移至司机朱师傅事先联系好的王玉德家。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">自</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">日离开拉萨,二十余天的奔波,父亲一直都在想一个问题,何时同中央和西藏的领导人联系?然而,兰州似乎是个跟拉萨和西宁完全不同的世界,父亲在这里没有熟人,也没有人追踪纠缠,满街的大字报,批斗会和高音喇叭的喧闹声再激烈也和他没有关系。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">在王玉德家安定下来,父亲决定尽快给张国华发电报,汇报情况。电报发出后,父亲和朱师傅,杨医生三人心里踏实了许多,开始在兰州市内找合适的地方住下来等待消息。他们先在平潭路</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">7<span lang="ZH-CN">号住了几天,在下关营李德沅家和王玉清家住了半个月,同时联系兰州军区领导。为了安全在工农兵饭店住了两天后又搬到程培德家住了十余日。父亲好像习惯了这种不安定中的安定,艰难而焦急的等待上面的答复。终于在</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">日得到兰州军区的答复,父亲被接到军区第二招待所。这时正是</span>1968<span lang="ZH-CN">年的新年元旦,父亲一个人在兰州度过新年。司机朱师傅返回拉萨后再没有消息,杨医生后来内调北京宽街中医研究院,继续从事她救死扶伤的工作。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">而在西藏拉萨,就在各方四处找寻下落不明的周仁山之时</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">西藏军区突然接到张国华经从成都军区发来的一份电报</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">这份电报是主发中央</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">同时抄送西藏军区的。记者看到,电报以简短的文字告之,成都军区接到兰州军区来电,周仁山已在兰州找到</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">准备派人护送到成都军区。事实上,</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">日,兰州军区派出吴,蔡两名干部和两名战士</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">全副武装</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">乘火车将父亲安全护送到了成都。到达成都后,父亲急切提出希望尽快面见张国华,联系后张没有回复。</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>13<span lang="ZH-CN">日张国华指示成都军区一名干部和一名战士,乘飞机将父亲</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">护送</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">回拉萨。事后,记者有幸与从成都</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">护送</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山回拉萨的成都军区的干部、战士一同游布达拉宫,谈起这次特殊的任务,这位干部说</span>: “<span lang="ZH-CN">从兰州军区送周仁山到成都,然后由成都送至拉萨,领导上一再强调要做好保密工作,生怕在路途中发生意外。我们虽然身带武器,但不外露,名义上还只是保护送达。对周仁山青海兰州之行,虽也认为有些不妥,但总还认为是身不由己,混乱局势生命难保,不得已而为之。</span>”</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.25in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">3. <span lang="ZH-CN">化妆赴京</span></span></b></div></div>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1968<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月中旬,中央决定西藏两大派群众组织,以及党、政领导干部和军区派出代表赴北京学习,趁机汇报并解决西藏问题。因为连续几日天气不佳,专机多次推迟起飞,迟至</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>21<span lang="ZH-CN">日,天气稍有好转</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">记者才随同西藏派出的赴京代表</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">于凌晨准备登机离开拉萨。这次赴北京的代表,</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">造总</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">和</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">大联指</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">两大派组织和倾向于两大派观点的领导干部的人数和名单</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">都是经过西藏军区副政委任荣等人反复研究</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">并又同两大派负责人磋商之后才确定下来的,基本上处于对等状态,任荣也一同随机前住。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">起飞那天,天空布满薄薄的白云,空旷的机场上凉风飕飕,众人的遮绒帽放下护耳,下端的小绳被风吹得四处乱晃,鼻尖冻得发麻。临上飞机时,任荣的秘书程某奉命站在弦梯的右边,手拿花名册,逐一清点、辨认登机的人员。他要求记者帮帮忙,站在弦梯的左边,维持一下秩序,以免发生漏点、错查而登上飞机的人员。程秘书办事看起来十分认真,如发现有人拥挤着上飞机,就立即把他们拉开,保持一定的距离,嘴里不停地招呼</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">:“<span lang="ZH-CN">慢一点,不要乱</span>!” <span lang="ZH-CN">登机的人员一一被点名、清查之后,登上了飞机</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">没有发现一个不到的和一个多余的人员,也没有出现任何差错,登上飞机的都是事先确定应到的人员。不一会,弦梯收起,飞机起飞了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">记者登上飞机之后,与任荣副政委、程秘书等同坐在飞机前部的头等舱里。飞机升空</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">, <span lang="ZH-CN">穿行在弥漫的白云之中,由于强大气流的冲击,一会儿向上抛</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">一会儿又向下落。任荣谈起这次北京之行</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">语气平和地对记者说</span>: “<span lang="ZH-CN">这次派代表去北京,造总坚持提出非要周仁山去不可</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山本人也有这个要求。但我们考虑他如去了北京</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">两派代表又怎能坐在一起学习</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">肯定会引出不少麻烦来</span>! <span lang="ZH-CN">所以</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">我们认为,他还是不去为好</span>!” <span lang="ZH-CN">由于周仁山一直处于两派群众组织激烈争夺的关键,一打一保,矛盾异常尖锐,目前不去北京参加学习、汇报,应该是有一定道理的。对此有的记者表示同意,一些记者没有说话,私下认为夺权不是撤职,矛盾的关键不在场只会进一步激化矛盾。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">谁料就在谈起这件事后不到十分钟</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">, <span lang="ZH-CN">程秘书突然神情紧张地从后舱走过来,向任荣报告</span>: “<span lang="ZH-CN">政委,真没有想到</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山冒名顶替某某</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">蒙混过关登上了飞机</span>!”<span lang="ZH-CN">任荣一听到这一消息,啊的一声半天合不拢嘴。记者也很诧异</span>:“<span lang="ZH-CN">上飞机时不是一个一个点名、清查了</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">这怎么可能呢</span>?”“<span lang="ZH-CN">这是真的,我刚听说也不相信,特地到后舱,见到了周仁山才来报告的</span>!”“<span lang="ZH-CN">耳听为虚,眼见为实</span>” <span lang="ZH-CN">,记者仍不大相信这一情况会发生,便立即起身,前住代表们乘坐的后舱查看,果真是如此</span>!<span lang="ZH-CN">这时的父亲已经脱下皮大衣,摘下遮绒帽和大口罩</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">由于一年多以来多次大小批斗会,记者一眼便能认出。此时父亲正笑容满面地与邻座四周的群众代表交谈。他见记者走过来,连忙欠身握手</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">从容地微笑点头。记者返回前舱,告之任荣</span>:“ <span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山真的上了飞机,是冒名顶替另一个干部的名额。</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">任气愤地说道</span>:“ <span lang="ZH-CN">这个周仁山前次潜逃到青海</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">这次又化妆冒名顶替去北京</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">真是太不遵守纪律了!</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">飞机在空中</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">又不能像汽车一般随时可以停下,任荣只好无可奈何地说</span>:“<span lang="ZH-CN">现在没有别的什么办法了</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">只有到达成都以后再说。</span>” </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">飞机降落成都机场之后</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">, <span lang="ZH-CN">在候机室里,任荣让秘书将父亲请来,当面说道</span>:“ <span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山,你这次冒名顶替</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">是犯了一个极大的错误</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">怎么能再一再二地这么做</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">把自己紧紧地与一派夥在一起</span>! ....”. <span lang="ZH-CN">父亲不等任荣说完</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">抢先争辩</span>:“ <span lang="ZH-CN">这有多大的错误</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">到北京去学习、汇报情况,我应该有这个权利</span>!
<span lang="ZH-CN">我担心的是有人从中作梗</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">歪曲汇报我的情况,所以想能有机会直接向中央呈述</span>!”
“<span lang="ZH-CN">你的要求,我们可以向中央反映,由中央作出决定</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">在未经请示中央同意之前,你怎么能采取这种做法。你好好想一想,是不是太出格了。你现在正在接受组织的审查</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN">群众的揭发、批判</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">怎么能妄自行动</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">乔装打扮去北京呢</span>?” <span lang="ZH-CN">父亲严厉争辩道:</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">我觉得对我的揭发、批判</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">有许多是不实之词,你们对待我的态度也很不公平</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">提出的我的历史问题都是没有根据的!我有许多意见,在拉萨无处诉说,正想能有机会到北京去申诉</span>...”<span lang="ZH-CN">。任荣打断他的话说</span>:“<span lang="ZH-CN">不要再说了,我就在机场向北京请示,如果中央不同意你去北京</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">你就留下,改乘飞机回拉萨</span>!”<span lang="ZH-CN">在机场, 任经由军用电话线路要通了中央办公厅</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">对方经请示周总理后回答</span>:“<span lang="ZH-CN">既然事已如此,就让周仁山随机到北京来参加学习。</span>”
<span lang="ZH-CN">听到如此决定,任荣挥挥手,无奈地对秘书说</span>:“<span lang="ZH-CN">你去告诉周仁山,中央同意他去北京</span>!”</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">父亲十分高兴,支持他的一派群众代表在候机室欣然相对任荣。而另一派的代表听到这个决定后,提出了强烈抗议,对周仁山去北京参加学习的行动</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">“<span lang="ZH-CN">保留不同的看法</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">,认为这是</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">周仁山犯下的新罪行</span>”,<span lang="ZH-CN">今后要联系他所有的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">反党、反社会主义、反毛泽东思想</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">三反</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">言行,一起彻底清算。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">确实,这次化妆登机是事先周密策划安排的。支持周的群众组织分析了参加学习班的名单后,特意安排了一个身材和容貌和周仁山相似的同志<a name="_GoBack">进入赴京名单,以便父亲</a>以他的名字登机。 周穿了一件皮大衣</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">放下遮绒帽的护耳</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">戴着大口罩排队等候。由于名单顺序是固定的,而人员排队是随意的,在接近程秘书点名的时候,乘乱匆匆登上了飞机。当然,除了群众组织的精心计划和父亲具有的丰富地下斗争经验和机智,是否还有同情的人员或是记者在暗处相助,这也许永远都是个秘密了。其实,父亲能否去北京参加学习,汇报,他自己早有思想准备。首先,去年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月第一次在北京学习汇报,周仁山是以自治区党政主要领导的身份参加的,解决两派的矛盾,周是重点。其次,周能不能去,当时中央没有明确表态,而只是个别领导自己的想法。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">结束语</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">事情果不出所料,父亲到达北京西藏学习班后,仍然是两大派争辩的焦点。一派要召开大会揭发、批判他,而另一派又提出抗议,要求予以保护,乱得学习班的领导无法驾驭,只好向中央请示。中央指示,暂时将周仁山隔离审查,接受群众背靠背的揭发、批判。两派白热化相争的局面暂时平息下来</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">但分歧的意见仍然存在,双方继续在大字报上展开激烈的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">派战</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">。 </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 7.95pt; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1968<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>28<span lang="ZH-CN">日,中共中央、国务院、中央军委、中央文革作出《关于成立西藏自治区革命委员会的批示》,同意“</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">由曾雍雅同志任西藏自治区革命委员会主任,任荣,陈明义等十三位同志任副主任”,并指示“要持续深入地开展革命的大批判,把中国赫鲁晓夫及其在西藏的代理人周仁山,王其梅之流的反革命修正主义路线批倒批臭。”这时王其梅已经病故一年。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1968<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">日,西藏与新疆自治区在全国各省、市、自治区全部成立革委会的最后同时成立革委会</span>,
9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">日《人民日报》、《解放军报》联合发表题为《无产阶级文化大革命的全面胜利万岁</span>!<span lang="ZH-CN">》的社论中</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">将周仁山,王其梅点名为</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">中国赫鲁晓夫</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">在</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN">西藏的代理人</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">而被打倒。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">父亲到北京后没有返回西藏,先是在北京交代问题,被两派批斗。大约是在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1969</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月,父亲被关进监狱。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">月,父亲被关押在北京东城区安定门外外馆斜街</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">号,原交通干校的一座三层办公楼里。文革期间,这里是中国人民解放军北京卫戍区二师临时借用的一个监护点。父亲在里面关押了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年多,刚放出来的时候,表情呆滞,没有食欲,没有言语。半年以后才简单讲起被关押的情况。父亲回忆说:“开始的时候,为了强迫交待问题,日夜开着大灯不让睡觉,门上的小窗口总是有人看守,时不时催你交待。开始没有放风,后来短时间的放风也看不到其他人,但是可以感觉到有不少其他人也被关押在里面。在里面不能有裤带,鞋带,看书的记录只能用火柴烧过的碳头写几个字。”</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">许多年以后,我们才知道父亲被关押的地方跟我们临时的家,和平里的“黑帮楼”只有两、三里路远,那里面同时关押着习仲勋,张经武,武光等老同志。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">然而,历史发展到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">1976<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>,“<span lang="ZH-CN">四人帮</span>”<span lang="ZH-CN">垮台。</span>1975<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">月,父亲被北京卫戍区解除监护,又经过长达三年的申辩和抗争,于</span>1978<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日,中央任命周仁山为新疆自治区党委书记,很快走马上任,随后不久,没有恢复党籍的父亲被中央正式任命为新疆自治区党委常务书记和第二书记。直到</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月,党的十一届三中全会召开</span>, 1979<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>17<span lang="ZH-CN">日,时任西藏自治区党委第一书记的任荣终于同意恢复父亲的中共党籍,区党委对在文革中对父亲的一切不实之词全部予以推翻。</span></span></p>
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: .7pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; text-indent: 21pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN">月,在胡耀邦的主持下,中</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">央</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">第一次西藏工作会议在北京召开,形成了《西藏工作座谈会纪要》。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">该</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">文件的中心是排除文革对西藏的影响,在西藏推行改革开放,恢复发展经济</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">日,刚刚当选中共中央委员会总书记仅三个月的胡耀邦,在时任国务院副总理万里等人陪同下乘飞机抵达拉萨贡嘎机场,开始为期长达九天的西藏考察。这是中共最高层领导人第一次亲临西藏实地考察</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">目的是清除西藏文革“左”的影响</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">尽管胡耀邦对西藏前</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">29<span lang="ZH-CN">年的工作表示了基本肯定,但主政西藏</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">年,时任中共西藏自治区</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">党</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">委第一书记、政协主席、兼西藏军区政委任荣仍被就地免职,胡耀邦返京时将他同机带回北京,后调任武汉军区副政委。西藏党委第一书记由“老西藏”,时任济南军区副政委的阴法唐接任</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">。胡耀邦</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">把西藏</span><span style="background: white; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">1971<span lang="ZH-CN">年至</span>1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年局部工作和个别基层出现的错误和问题,描述成西藏党委、政府在指导思想、方针政策上严重贯彻了“左”的路线。<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">由此来看,任荣被免职,不仅仅是因为西藏的贫穷问题,更重要的是路线错误。当然,以今天的眼光来看,这种路线问题实际也是西藏贫穷的关键,实行改革开放才能使西藏发展起来。</span></span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-43666122536043926962022-07-26T09:57:00.002-04:002022-07-26T09:57:31.799-04:00遲到的感恩和悼念:紀念李蔚先生<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh84YoSxBRGZcwFc-kbSJkVnlpa-zYSAv5qd07RI-dlTWVTAxEJV2_AUAhRTQeRAch9Y5UafUx8_g3AwKTbTojt8NgfwY1eqEbv5mL4jM8a8zEhEfbI-uenGMZP1QmA1PSaHpXzthczUn24mJifsg4dfX-NOYgdZ3vDL854iIZR88aliC1yb5pFz_i2" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="350" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh84YoSxBRGZcwFc-kbSJkVnlpa-zYSAv5qd07RI-dlTWVTAxEJV2_AUAhRTQeRAch9Y5UafUx8_g3AwKTbTojt8NgfwY1eqEbv5mL4jM8a8zEhEfbI-uenGMZP1QmA1PSaHpXzthczUn24mJifsg4dfX-NOYgdZ3vDL854iIZR88aliC1yb5pFz_i2=w378-h216" width="378" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我在研究西藏現代史的十幾年裏,得到了很多人的支持、鼓勵和幫助。在研究結果成書出版的時候,我總是盡可能仔細地在“致謝”部分一一列舉這些幫助過我的人。這既是研究和寫作出版的行規,也是我的肺腑之言。我之所以能研究出書,都是因爲有人幫助了我。沒有他們的幫助,我必一事無成。在這些幫助過我的人中,有一些仍然生活在中國境內。由于衆所周知的原因,我不得不避免提到他們的名字,只能一言以概之。我希望將來有一天,當我的書能够在中國大陸發行的時候,我將一一致謝。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">通过光传媒安娜女士的努力,我獲知李蔚先生于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">日</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">逝世的消息,深感悲哀和痛心。我想我應該寫下我對李蔚先生的感激,用這不得不遲到的感激之言,彌補我出書時不能提及李老名字的缺憾。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">君子之交淡如水</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">十幾年前,我在爲研究西藏“平叛”而搜集資料的時候,有一次在網上讀到了一些瞭解當年糾正“平叛”擴大化情况的知情者寫下的文字。從內容和文字風格判斷,這些文字具有極高的史料價值。于是我通過網站試圖聯繫原作者,主要是爲了確證資料的可靠性,幷取得以後研究和寫作時引用資料的許可。由于資料在中國的“敏感性”,我幷沒有抱很大的希望。但是不久,一位名叫李蔚的先生間接地聯繫到我,告知說這些資料是他的友人,一位筆名韓有仁的老幹部依據親身經歷和解密文獻撰寫的部分文稿。我表示希望能用電子郵箱跟他聯繫,他傳話說他還不會用電子郵箱,準備讓孫輩假期回家時爲他設立</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gmail<span lang="ZH-TW">信箱幷教會他怎麽用。後來我才知道,李蔚先生出身于</span>1932<span lang="ZH-TW">年,和我聯繫時已經八十歲了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">此後我就陸陸續續地和李蔚先生互有郵件來往,通常都只是三言兩語。李蔚先生告訴我,韓有仁先生的這部書稿是心血之作。他們這些當年派到藏區工作的“老西藏”,如今都已垂垂老矣,經不起折騰了。書稿題材內容如此“敏感”,風險不言而喻,朋友們都勸韓先生別拿出來公開出版,但是韓先生認爲,若畢生默不作聲則對不起當年在藏區工作時視爲兄弟姐妹的藏人同胞。由于內容涉及“平叛”擴大化的錯誤,此書不可能在國內出版。韓先生曾嘗試詢問了一家香港的出版社,出版社最終也以市場預期不佳爲由而拒絕。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在間接獲得許可引用該書資料後,李蔚先生告知我,韓先生同意委托我聯繫出版,幷希望我爲該書代作序言。于是我將書稿交給香港田園書屋。田園書屋黃老闆拿到書稿後當即表示,即使即使自己要賠錢,也一定出好這本書。這就是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2013<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW">月香港田園書屋出版的《一場被堙沒了的國內戰爭》,作者韓有仁。作爲歷史學研究者,我認爲這是一部嚴肅的歷史紀實作品,是在歷史上站得住的著作。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">拜互聯網時代之便利,我和李蔚先生一直只用</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gmail<span lang="ZH-TW">聯繫。我知道涉藏題材的“敏感性”意味著什麽,深知李蔚先生和韓有仁先生這些老幹部這樣做所冒的風險。我關于西藏現代史的兩本研究專著已經在臺灣出版,有關部門必定注意到了我。兩位老先生是中共老幹部,他們私下和我聯繫,這事本身就會給他們帶來極大危險。我只希望他們平平安安,不要因爲寫作和出版一本書而影響自己晚年生活的安寧。</span>2013<span lang="ZH-TW">年春,我在紐約給李蔚先生郵件說,我即將來中國,相約在北京見一面。就在啓程前兩天,中國駐紐約領事館把我召去,宣布取消了我的簽證。從此我就再也回不了中國。于是,我和李蔚先生的交往,始終只是在電子郵件上有事說事,只限于我的研究。十餘年來,最多是我一年半載發去一個問候。我至今沒有見過李蔚先生一面,和韓有仁先生則從沒有直接聯繫過。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">君子之交淡如水。我所出版的書和發表的文章,他大多都讀過。後來我瞭解了李蔚先生在青海工作時期的情况後,更對李蔚先生抱持深深的敬意。李蔚先生是我引爲楷模的長輩師友。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">仗義執言大丈夫</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生是很早就參加工作的文化幹部,又有很高的文學修養。我從網上資料獲知,他生前撰寫的新聞報道、報告文學、文學評論、社會科學論文均曾獲獎。有些作品被譯爲英、法、德、葡萄牙、西班牙、阿拉伯文,或由外國通訊社轉發,或被選作刊授大學教材。在中華人民共和國建國十周年、三十五周年、四十五周年時,省委或省政府均曾頒發獎狀。他曾獲《光明日報》“先進工作者”獎狀,集體獲《光明日報》“特別獎”。主要著作有《周恩來和知識分子》(人民出版社1985)、《蘇曼殊評傳》(社會科學文獻出版社1991,臺灣國際村書店繁體字版易名《蘇曼殊傳奇》1993)、《詩苑珍品璇璣圖》(東方出版社1996)、《唐太宗誕生地詩文注釋歷史大事記》(香港亞洲中輝聯合出版公司2004)、《法國平民革命何以沒有陷入歷史興亡的怪圈》(中國思維網2006)。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1961<span lang="ZH-TW">年起任職青海人民廣播電臺文藝廣播部副主任,</span>1971<span lang="ZH-TW">年起任青海電視臺黨支部書記、副台長,他參與了青海電視臺的籌建,在電視臺工作了八年。然而他自己對“新聞官”的工作幷不滿意。</span>1978<span lang="ZH-TW">年秋,《光明日報》在青海物色記者,他抓住機會申請調往光明日報駐青海記者站,成功成爲專職采訪報導的記者,直到離休。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">作爲《光明日報》記者,除了公開的采訪報道外,一個重要的職能是撰寫內參,而這是一項具有風險,需要勇氣和職業技巧的工作。維基百科有一個長篇詞條——楊小民案。這是一起青海省級高幹子弟故意殺人,案发后却得到輕判的案件,暴露了青海地方上官官相護,徇私枉法,百姓敢怒不敢言的狀况。李蔚先生冒著極大風險撰寫內參,以《楊小民殺人案值得深究,建議中紀委直接派工作組查處此案》爲題,發表于1984年11月5日的《光明日報情况反映特刊》第15期上,驚動中央,爲此下達了中辦(1985)228號文件。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">受胡耀邦委托,由薄一波主持,從1985年12月6日開始,連續舉行辦公會議,研究對楊案有關責任者的處理問題。为此前後在中南海召開了五次會議。在這樣的會議上,來自地方上真正的知情者只有位卑言輕的記者李蔚一人。在中共體制内工作過的人都知道,向中央告地方當局的狀自然會冒犯權傾一時的“地方官”,風險極大,是“不成功則成仁”的事。由此案可見李蔚先生的正直和擔當。李蔚先生在共産黨的宣傳系統工作幾十年,深知自己必須時刻具備謙虛謹慎的工作作風,但是他始終沒有拋弃公正和良知的常識,關鍵時刻他挺身而出,是仗義執言的大丈夫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生非常關心藏區的狀况和藏民的生活,關心國家民族政策對藏人的影響。對于藏區人民的痛苦,他感同身受,焦灼和悲憫溢于言表。他在一個郵件裏說:“我深知,當前的問題要解决,關鍵在克服大漢族主義。否則,中國不可能安定。我本身是內地的漢族,但終生在青海工作,與少數民族情同兄弟姐妹,我盼著民族和睦日子的重新到來。目前藏族僧侶不斷自殺,每一起自殺,都是對我心靈無情的一刀。我的傷感、痛苦、擔心與憂慮,不是語言所能表達的。”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">作爲在藏區工作了一輩子的“老西藏”,李蔚先生晚年有深刻的反省。他在郵件裏說,“僅僅用所謂‘革命的狂熱’,難以充分表述解放後所發生的一切。以藏區來說,我們不僅屠殺了大批藏民,而且根本摧毀了整個藏區社會,從本質上消滅了藏傳佛教,嚴重破壞了高原美好的自然環境。我們成就的一面,遠不足以抵消我們的錯誤。我想後代是絕不會原諒我們正在走的這條‘發展道路’的。”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">洞察佛教與現代科學對話的意義</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我和李蔚先生的郵件往來,通常都簡短,但是有一次,他寫了很多。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">那是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015<span lang="ZH-TW">年,我連續幾年前往印度觀摩旁聽達賴喇嘛尊者和西方科學家的對話,此後搜集了有關科學對話三十年的所有可能找到的資料,决定與丁一夫合作寫本書來介紹尊者和科學家的對話,這就是後來由臺灣聯經出版的《智慧之海》。我將書稿的前四章提前發給李蔚先生,想借助李蔚先生的記者眼光,研判寫這樣一本書是不是有意義。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生立即給我回了一封長信。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生肯定地說,寫一本書來介紹達賴喇嘛尊者和科學家的對話,十分必要:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我覺得:就尊者與科學家的對話寫本書,十分必要。我認爲:作爲當代最杰出的佛學大師,尊者與當代各類最杰出科學家連續三十年的對話,對人類文化的進步,對人類精神世界的成長,對人類未來的發展,其作用,不可低估。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">人類是沿著生理與心理兩個方面成長的。物質産品促進人類的生理成長,精神産品促進人類的心理成長。問題是:人類的生理成長過度,而心理成長滯後。爲什麽全球資源現在面臨枯竭,環境污染如此嚴重,以致地球不再適于人類生存,就是因爲人類不能節制自己,欲豁難填,向大自然索取無窮,不懂得抑制自己的動物性,在“文明人”面前止步了。人越是要滿足自己的生理欲望,越是要向大自然超額索取,而這又反過來刺激了人類動物欲望的進一步發展,如此惡性循環,生生不已,越來越糟,人類陷入了自己動物性的怪圈,突不出來。另一方面,則是人類的精神需求不斷萎縮,既是相對萎縮,又是絕對萎縮,普遍缺乏高尚的心靈追求。和紀元前五世紀左右、所謂“軸心時代”、東西方世界大師輩出、引領時代前進、人類朝氣蓬勃的局面比較,兩千多年來,我們到底有多少心靈成果是值得後人寶貴的?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> ……<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“人類向何處去?”的問題嚴重地擺在世人面前。把人類的發展引入“正道”,實現生理和精神的平衡發展,是當務之急。兩千多年來,人類除了自然科學外,整體來看,主要是依靠祖先的思想遺産而活,只是在對祖先遺産的理解、闡述、發揮、探索裏兜圈子。現在到了應當突破的時候了。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">科學本來是一種心智活動,是人類趣味、好奇心之所在,現在却在很大程度上喪失了探索真相的本性,片面地成爲只是人類“征服自然”的工具,已很難滿足人類心智成長的需要,而宗教,本來是人類心靈的寓所,但受“宗教是毒害民衆心靈的鴉片烟”謬論的嚴重壓抑,在許多地區不能正常發展,人們的心靈無處可以安放,惶惶不可終日;在另外許多地區,則淪爲恐怖製造者們的精神武器,使千千萬萬人受害。從人類自我完善的角度看,人類在精神上幷沒有進化多少。我們在中國大陸看到、聽到、接觸到的壞人、壞事,尤其前所未有。其惡劣、普遍、嚴重的程度,超過歷史萬千倍。駭人聽聞,無可理喻,無可想像,整個社會墮落到了谷底,良心大大地壞了,真正千秋罪人。這樣的人類社會,生存的興味何在?又有什麽值得留戀的?此種情况不變,人類將不是毀于自然灾害,而是毀于自己,毀于自己的勾心鬥角,相互殘殺,而且永無寧日。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生看到,這不僅是尊者個人和科學家的對話,這更是科學和宗教的交匯:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">科學與宗教本來是精神産品賴以生産的兩支最重要的源泉,但從來被社會視爲水火不能相容,不能協同發展,這就更加重了問題的嚴重性,更難以滿足人類的精神需要,促進人類的健康成長。現在,有了宗教和科學的這種對話,科學事業吸取宗教的有益成分而更爲進步,宗教吸取科學的有益部分而更爲完善,宗教和科學協調發展,各自會提供優良的精神産品。而這兩支力量的結合所産生的合力,更遠大于</span></i><i><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">1+1=2</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,對人類文化未來的發展,對人類精神世界的純化與充盈,一定會有潜移默化的、然而却是深遠的影響。不是說,現在就會如何如何,短期當然難顯其效,但它糾正了人類發展的偏頗,爲解决人類物質生産與精神生産協調發展的問題,把人類的發展引入了發展進化的“正道”,提供了希望。我覺得達賴喇嘛尊重倡導的科學與宗教的對話,揭開了人類文化發展的嶄新的一頁,爲新人類的形成指明了前進的方向。意義太重大了!</span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他還難得地闡述了他對達賴喇嘛尊者的看法:</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 28.0pt;"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">達賴喇嘛是不朽的。就宗教而言,是他把藏傳佛教普及到了全世界,創造了空前繁榮的局面。佛陀創立了佛教,印度的阿育王在相當範圍內普及了佛教,達賴喇嘛則在更大的、全球範圍內推廣了佛教。他是兩千多年來對佛教建設作出杰出貢獻的僅有的第三位偉人。</span></i><i><span style="color: #212121; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 28.0pt;"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">同時,他又是佛教事實上的改革的倡導者與奠基者(雖然他幷未如此命名,或者他尚未意識到這將是一場影響極其深遠的佛教宗教改革運動)。就我有限的瞭解,兩千多年來,在佛教界,從來沒有人對經典提出過异議。達賴喇嘛是第一個指出佛經有局限性,他糾正了佛經裏已知的錯誤,幷且聲言:只要事實證明佛教裏有誤,就應當改正。他打破了對佛經的迷信與盲目崇拜,教導人們按照佛經的本來面目認識佛經,即:佛經不僅是宗教信仰和精神寄托之所在,而且是人類知識的寶庫,而且教人以認識問題和解决問題的方法。達賴喇嘛既是虔誠的佛徒,但又不迷信佛教。他是第一位以科學的態度對待佛教的智者。他引領佛教走出神秘,撥開層層迷霧,使佛經本來的面目顯現了出來。這件事,意義十分重大。基督教的“宗教改革”在世界引發了一場革命,影響深遠。伊斯蘭教從來沒有經歷過改革,世俗力量與宗教極端主義的鬥爭目前仍然十分激烈,原教旨主義者更不斷發動所謂“聖戰”,危害世界。達賴喇嘛開創的佛教改革,其作用與影響,未來會怎樣,目前無法預計,但一定會引發起相當的震撼。基督教的改革只是教內制度的改革,影響尚且如此之大;尊者所倡導的改革,涉及宗教在現代科學道路上的發展這個根本問題,涉及宗教的現代化問題,其意義之大,無可言說。</span></i><i><span style="color: #212121; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 28.0pt;"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">就文化而言,達賴喇嘛領導十萬境外藏民,對抗以“打倒舊世界”、不要祖宗、徹底摧毀傳統文化爲職志的共産主義運動,在難以想像的艱難困苦條件下,保存了藏族特有的文化,使之不致絕滅,而這個文化極具特殊性,極其稀貴,是人類文化寶庫的不可或缺的有機組成部分,由于它的存在和對比,揭穿了不僅喪失了宗教慈悲情懷、且滲透著“階級鬥爭”精神、意在煽動仇殺的、遍及西藏全地的“僞藏族文化”的面目,使其無法冒名頂替,欺騙世人。此舉對世界文化事業的多元化發展,厥功至偉。</span></i><i><span style="color: #212121; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 28.0pt;"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">就少數民族地區的現代化事業而言,達賴喇嘛勇敢地破除了藏區已經傳行幾百年、習以爲常的落後的“政教合一”制度,把先進的現代民主制度帶入了藏區,打開了藏區的封閉的大門,使新風涌入,啓動了藏區向現代化的歷史性轉變。實行民主制是實現現代化的核心問題,達賴喇嘛爲藏區的現代化,奠定了政治基礎。這一基礎將來與內地正在建設的物質基礎相結合,整個藏區的面貌必將大變,前途未可限量。就像蔣經國以專制者之身推行民主獲得成功、揭開了中國歷史新的一頁那樣,達賴喇嘛以“政教合一”最高領袖之身消滅了“政教合一”制度,使藏族的歷史進入了新的發展階段。歷史會永遠記著他的功勛的。</span></i><i><span style="color: #212121; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 28.0pt;"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">在邊疆與中央的關係上,幾千年來,邊疆不是被中原武力統治,就是少數民族武力進攻中原,鮮有以和平手段解决彼此之間的爭端者。達賴喇嘛順應時代潮流,堅持以和平的手段,解决藏區與中央政權的矛盾,主張在“一個中國”的範圍內,實現真正的藏族的民族區域自治,既符合藏族的長遠利益,又符合中華民族的整體利益。我國人民是熱愛和平的,但是統治階級幷不如此,哪朝哪代不是窮兵黷武,以民衆的血肉之軀鋪路,憑藉武力奪取政權,憑藉武力維護統治。從秦始皇開始,除了秦國最初發迹的彈丸之地爲周室所封賜者外,何代何處非掠奪所得,何代何處非武力所得以保?達賴喇嘛自</span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">1974<span lang="ZH-TW">年起,在我國首倡“中道”,主張以和平手段解决民族爭端,這是他對中國社會一個創造性的貢獻,雖因事涉利益集團的實際利益,事涉“階級鬥爭”的革命學說,事涉强大的歷史慣力,因此,目前嚴重受阻,尚未取得突破。但,和平方針畢竟無可戰勝,總有一天會成功。到時,達賴喇嘛所高舉的和平旗幟,一定會在祖國大地上迎風飄揚。</span></span></i><i><span style="color: #212121; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 28.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">凡此種種,已足以使達賴喇嘛的大名永留青史,而他在世界範圍內倡導幷推動的、已經堅持了</span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; padding: 0in;">30<span lang="ZH-TW">年之久的、科學與宗教的對話,更使他成爲中國乃至世界的一代至聖先賢。他的歷史地位未可低估。</span></span></i><i><span style="color: #212121; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生說,“鑒于此事的極端重要性”,他建議我要寫一本到幾本書,讓外界瞭解,引起世人的關注。他還指出,要針對不同的讀者有不同的寫法。對普通讀者,要寫得極其通俗,而對願意思考的知識分子,可以寫得更深一些。他說,寫這樣的書,“不僅對現代科學知識要有所瞭解,對佛教同樣要有所瞭解。這兩方面知識的掌握,都非易事。深奧的知識又要用淺白的文字表出。”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">最近幾年,我在學習和記錄達賴喇嘛尊者和現代科學家的三十年對話史,翻譯和出版重要對話會後科學家一方出版的著作。我一直不敢忘記李蔚先生在此信中給我的鼓勵:“<span style="background: white; color: black;">是歷史把這副擔子壓在了你的肩上。”</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">最後的囑托</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2019<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW">月</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW">日,我接到了李蔚先生的郵件,這是我收到的李蔚先生給我的最後的信。在這個郵件裏,他給了我兩個附件,囑咐我暫時不要引用。現在,李蔚先生已經去世,我想我可以公開了,以此作爲對長者師友的紀念。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">第一份是中共青海省紀律檢查委員會的决定,青紀</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> [2014] 5<span lang="ZH-TW">號文件。其內容是對筆名韓有仁即《一場被堙沒了的國內戰爭——記</span>1958<span lang="ZH-TW">年青海平叛擴大化及其糾正始末》一書作者的處分。此文件叙述了韓有仁先生從搜集“相關會議文件和資料”,到寫作和出版的全過程。有關部門將整個過程徹底調查,文件中還兩次注明了對李江琳的定性,我被定性爲——“援‘藏獨’分子”。文件說,此書作者“聯繫援‘藏獨’分子李江琳通過香港田園書屋出版社在香港非法出版醜化、抹黑黨的形象的政治性有害出版物《一場被堙沒了的國內戰爭》,幷同意李江琳爲該書作序。李江琳利用其學者身份在互聯網上對該書進行宣傳報道和內容披露,成爲境外敵對勢力惡意攻擊我治藏政策和成果的工具,在國(境)外造成惡劣的政治影響,”等等。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">其實,“援‘藏獨’分子”這個頗爲罕見的頭銜,我在被取消簽證而禁止回國的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2013<span lang="ZH-TW">年,就有友人通過間接渠道告訴過我,友人的意思是要我謹慎低調,一旦有了這樣的定性,那就不是開玩笑的事情。然而那時我更擔心的是,身處國內的老幹部韓有仁先生,他的書一旦出版,有關部門就一定能查出來龍去脉。然而我仍沒有料想到他受到如此嚴厲處罰。该文件显示,年迈的韓有仁先生被開除黨籍,按</span>12%<span lang="ZH-TW">降低其基本退休費,所有補貼降低一個職務層次。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">韓有仁先生出生于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1939<span lang="ZH-TW">年。李蔚先生信中告訴我,韓有仁先生原本是副廳級幹部,在受到這一處分後,診斷出患了癌症,動了手術。李蔚先生向青海省委來人一再指出,韓有仁先生的這本著作旨在幫助黨糾正以往的錯失,這些錯失是經過黨中央認可而有黨内正式文件闡明了的,可見韓有仁先生的著作是“香花”而絕非“毒草”。“但辦案人表示,此意見他們不能帶給省委。”</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">李蔚先生說,他仍然想向青海省委和中央宣傳部寫報告,爲韓有仁先生申訴。但是大氣候之下,此事看来無法辦成。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">讀這份文件,我深感震驚。我身在美國,我十多年研究、寫作和出版,不管遭遇了什麽,我是安全的。然而我們不應忘記,那些爲藏人仗義執言的老幹部們所付出的極大的個人代價。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">第二個文件是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1980<span lang="ZH-TW">年初,李蔚先生以《光明日報》記者身份所起草的內參。正是這份內參稿,經時任青海省委副書記扎喜旺徐批示,引起了中央重視,從而最終在青海藏區開展了對“平叛”擴大化糾偏的工作,改變了无数藏人和家庭的處境。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">現在我將此文件附于這篇紀念文字之後,是這篇歷史文獻第一次公之與衆。我感覺,李蔚先生在最後一份郵件裏給我這個文件,帶有讓我保管,留存于世的意思。我想用公開發表李蔚先生四十多年前的這篇內參稿,來表達我對李蔚先生的敬意、懷念和感激。我也想以此來提醒我自己,提醒我的历史学研究同仁,提醒我們的藏人兄弟姐妹們,在藏民族爲保存自身文化,爭取自由和正義的道路上,我們幷不孤獨,我們永遠不能忘記那些爲了公平、正義和人道而不計得失,舍出身家性命,付出了巨大個人代價的志士仁人。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">謝謝您,李蔚先生!我們想念您!</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">***************************<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">附件</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*******************************************</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(原件首頁)</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">《光明日報》內參稿,請審閱。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">同意發。扎喜旺徐元月五日</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2500<span lang="ZH-TW">字</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.8<span lang="ZH-TW">發</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">青海省一九五八年平叛鬥爭擴大化問題嚴重</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">據記者從最近召開的青海省統戰工作會議上瞭解:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">青海省一九五八年平叛鬥爭擴大化問題很嚴重,使這個地區二十多年來民族關係上結了一個大疙瘩,急需很快解决。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">青海省百分之九十六的地區是牧業區。一九五八年,牧業區一些地方發生了反革命武裝叛亂。對叛亂進行平息,是十分尖銳的階級鬥爭。平叛鬥爭完全是必要的、正義的,主流是好的。但是由于當時省委主要負責人對形勢作了“左”的估計,平叛中發生了嚴重錯誤。據最近零星反映,主要有以下幾點:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一、抓人太多。海南藏族自治州共和縣只有廿地公社羊讓部落二十五個人參加叛亂,在平叛中全縣却逮捕了六百五十八人。這個州平叛前後,共捕辦、管制、勞教、監督勞動、戴帽子的一萬</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0<span lang="ZH-TW">五十七人,占全州總人口的百分之七點四。其中,在關押勞改期間死亡的兩千二百九十一人。在全面叛亂的十個區中,百分之七十至八十的群衆被集訓。集訓中由于生活困難、疾病等原因而死亡九百二十一人。黃南藏族自治州是在叛亂平息以後捕人的,同仁、澤庫兩縣分別逮捕了一千九百六十九人、一千八百九十五人,均達到總人口的百分之十。澤庫縣賽日德三個小部落逮捕了三百</span>0<span lang="ZH-TW">五人,其中有二百四十人死于在押期間的勞教中,占捕辦總人數的百分之七十九點三,而這裏面百分之八十以上是冤、假、錯案。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">二、對叛區和非叛區未加區別。當時全省六個自治州中,玉樹、果洛兩州基本叛亂,海南、黃南兩州局部叛亂,海西、海北兩州沒有叛亂。但是當時省委作出了“牧業區發生全域性叛亂”的錯誤估計,擴大了打擊面。海北藏族自治州海晏縣幷未叛亂,但在“先發制人,防患未然”的思想指導下,由上面擬定捕人數字,全縣捕辦了六百四十九人,占總人口的百分之四點五。另一個未叛亂的地區——澤庫縣恰科公社尕什扎四小隊和多禾茂的五個小帳圈,被捕辦的占總人口的百分之九點八。海南賽宗寺沒有叛亂,爲“預防叛亂”,打死了該寺的活佛、阿卡和寺院的長工十八人。貴南縣四次集體錯殺無辜群衆八十六人。一次把四十多個群衆召集在會議室裏“開會”,幾個手榴彈捆在一起投進去,全被炸死。一次把三十多個群衆誘騙下山,幾十頂帳篷堆在一起,點火燒了,人被一陣機槍掃射打死,其中絕大多數是貧下中牧,內有黨員一人、團員二人,年齡最大的七十歲,最小的十五歲。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">三、誤整了一批少數民族幹部和愛國的民族、宗教上層人士。海晏縣幷未叛亂,但是少數民族幹部被捕辦了六十七人,占全縣少數民族幹部總數的百分之五十三。澤庫縣團委書記楊旦,對抓人時嚴重地捆綁吊打看不慣,說了句:“捕辦是法律,亂打亂捕不好。”被說成同情反革命,逮捕入獄,死在勞改隊。這個縣當時有愛國的民族、宗教上層人士五十五名(其中,“千戶”三名、“百戶”十四名、活佛三十三人),多數沒有參加叛亂,但在平叛中全部被逮捕。和日部落的“千戶”哇加,是副州長,解放後一直靠攏政府。甘南叛亂後,他聽到消息,就積極動員本部落的人向政府交槍,說服群衆不要參加叛亂。叛亂平息後,他到省上參加了人民代表大會,獎了一面錦旗,但回到州上就被捕了。海南州政協委員普魯哇,在平叛中多次冒著生命危險,爲我平叛部隊偵察敵情,爭取群衆,多次立功受獎,但是平叛一結束就被逮捕法辦。這個州的民族、宗教上層代表人物中,原來安置在省、州、縣、區擔任科以上職務的一百四十三人,平叛中捕辦了一百一十九人,占總數的百分之八十三點二二。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">四、平叛期間,只要被看作“叛匪”,物資即被全部沒收。據調查,貴南縣僅一九五八年四個月時間,沒收的現金、存款、銀元、羊毛、皮張、糧食、麵粉、民族裝飾品等共折價達四十八萬元。這還只是沒收財物中有帳可查的部分。大宗的財物、成群的牲畜,沒收後,無帳可查。到底沒收了些什麽,弄不清楚。負責沒收的,有商業科、財政科、統戰部、辦公室、公安局、宣傳部、畜産公司、稅務所、供銷社、民兵連、步騎大隊、糧站、農場、外貿公司、勞改隊、集訓隊、獸醫站、運輸隊、銀行、鄉政府……,不論任何單位、任何人、在任何地方,都可以沒收他人的財物,而沒收來的東西,管理又很混亂,問題不少。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">對上述問題,青海省于一九六二年曾根據西北民族工作會議精神作過一些解决,但是由于“左”的思想的影響,此項工作沒有作完,遺留問題很多。藏、漢民族關係一直比較緊張。(“最近,青海省委書記扎喜旺徐</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[<span lang="ZH-TW">藏</span>]<span lang="ZH-TW">在黃南調查時,連續走訪了五十多頂帳篷,沒有喝上一碗奶茶</span>[<span lang="ZH-TW">這是藏族對來客起碼的禮貌</span>]<span lang="ZH-TW">。”——此句定稿時被删去。李蔚注)。據反映,玉樹駐軍下鄉時連馬草馬料也買不上,藏民不給賣。小孩子哭鬧,大人嚇唬說:“漢人來了!漢人來了!”小孩就不敢哭了,把民族隔閡心理傳給了下一代。黃南宗教首領夏日倉,一九五八年因策劃叛亂被捕,但當地群衆說他沒有搞叛亂,要求徵聘複查他的問題。去年十二月此人死于監獄後,同仁、澤庫兩縣多數群衆在春節期間,不喝酒,不穿新衣,不放鞭炮,不走親戚,以示悼念。前不久,達賴的歸國參觀團,到夏日倉寺院參觀時,上千群衆自動圍上去,哭訴說:“我們的寺院拆掉了,活佛抓掉了,紅保(頭人)沒有了”,影響不好。據玉樹軍分區一位負責同志私下估計,由于民族關係緊張,牧業區重叛的可能性不能說完全沒有。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">粉碎“四人幫”以來,隨著其他方面政策的落實,這個問題顯得愈來愈突出。玉樹被判刑的三千多人中,百分之九十五以上現在要求複查。海南共和縣原文衛科副科長格洛,年老病重,刑滿釋放後,盼望在死前將沉冤得到昭雪。本人死後,家屬又指望在她死前爲丈夫伸冤。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在最近召開的青海省統戰工作會議上,來自牧業區各地的同志强烈要求徹底解决平叛中的遺留問題。大家說,甘肅省甘南地區叛亂問題,逐人作了調查,落實了政策;雲南沙甸事件作了平反;寧夏固源地區八次叛亂問題也解决了,我們有什麽理由要把擴大化問題繼續拖下去呢?大家建議省委:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一、把複查解决平叛擴大化問題作爲當前落實政策工作中的一件大事來抓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">二、將省委原來關于牧區叛亂問題給黨中央的報告,根據事實加以修訂,重新上報。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">三、組成省、州、縣調查組,深入基層,瞭解情况,拿出具體的政策規定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">大家反映:在青海牧區這樣落後的地區,在落實政策、引導群衆團結一致向前看的原則下,由國家適當撥一筆款,作爲某種補償,在政治上是有利的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">本報駐青海記者李蔚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> 首發 光傳媒:https://ipkmedia.com/151597/</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-22203507790738488552022-04-27T10:16:00.000-04:002023-03-03T22:52:29.008-05:00站在現代世界的門檻上 (《龍在雪域:1947年以來的西藏》新版序)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 30px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgyHpjMHL_K1cbaH4528Bhj5FMTVvPKJQCchlM9HjwVc6zyFJKSoX_ZjjXJTtBzcD1a-Tl4CI8y4snFkmlS-o3xr5J9om-SZk0tCtCLbVlZvllOHu0mdjAtXAob6l34kVfgdKTYS4yKt-XbEAxwcsxChzbwR09kay4iLwtS2fgDjqu3KyfiIPDeW0dN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1624" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgyHpjMHL_K1cbaH4528Bhj5FMTVvPKJQCchlM9HjwVc6zyFJKSoX_ZjjXJTtBzcD1a-Tl4CI8y4snFkmlS-o3xr5J9om-SZk0tCtCLbVlZvllOHu0mdjAtXAob6l34kVfgdKTYS4yKt-XbEAxwcsxChzbwR09kay4iLwtS2fgDjqu3KyfiIPDeW0dN=w295-h400" width="295" /></a><br /></div><p></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: center;">作者:<a href="https://www.bookrep.com.tw/?md=gwindex&cl=book&at=search&author=%E8%8C%A8%E4%BB%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%8A%A0%20%20(Tsering%20Shakya)" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s;">茨仁夏加 (Tsering Shakya)</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start;"></p><div style="text-align: center;">譯者:<a style="transition: all 0.3s linear 0s;">謝惟敏</a></div><a style="transition: all 0.3s linear 0s;"></a><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="transition: all 0.3s linear 0s;"></a><a href="https://www.bookrep.com.tw/?md=gwindex&cl=book&at=bookcontent&id=16093" style="transition: all 0.3s linear 0s;" target="_blank">出版社:左岸文化</a></div><p></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: center;">ISBN:9786269564620</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start;"></p><div style="text-align: center;">出版日期:<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;">2022-03-09</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span><p></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">茨仁夏加教授的《龍在雪域》是按照當代史學規範,對當代西藏史全面搜集資料,冷靜分析研究,平衡地敘述評論的一部著作,在西藏歷史學上具有里程碑的意義。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人們常説,歷史是勝利者書寫的。又説,歷史就像一個小姑娘,任人打扮。當代歷史學界卻不這樣認爲。確實,任何歷史都是當代史的説法有一定的道理,它説明當代人的所有思想觀點都不可避免地受到歷史認知的影響</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以強權都要極力</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">壟斷</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歷史敘述的話語權,而當代史學則把擺脫強權束縛視爲自身作爲一門人文學科之根本。爲此當代史學界形成了自身的規範,對歷史學家的研究和著作提出了一些標準和要求,主要是資料的可靠性和分析的客觀性。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">正是在這個意義上,茨仁夏加教授拿出了一部優秀的史學作品。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">茨仁夏加教授這部著作講述的歷史從</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1947</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始。選擇這個起始點,因爲那是印度獨立的年份。兩年後中共</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">贏得内戰,奪取政權</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。印度和中國,歷史上就是西藏一南一北兩大強鄰。在此之前,英帝國和沙俄帝國曾經和這兩大強鄰一起在這一帶展開“大博弈”,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">爭奪對這一帶地區的影響力。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">西藏在很大程度上依賴於自然地理條件來維持傳統,得以在很長的時間裏拒世界風雲于高原之外。直到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">19</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀末,西藏仍然延續著自己獨特</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">制度和文化。然而,從</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1947</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">南北</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兩大強鄰相繼發生巨大變革,位於其間的西藏再也不能無視外部世界的變化,被迫面對現代世界的風雲變幻。茨仁夏加教授的講述,就從西藏站到了現代世界的門檻上開始。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此後半個世紀的歷史,對藏人來説,是極其慘烈和痛苦的經歷。在涉及印度、中共、國民黨政府、美國等各方的一系列事件中,被迫應對世事巨變的西藏政府極端缺乏國際政治經驗,缺乏現代政治、經濟、外交和內政人才。藏民族歷經艱難,受盡困苦,處於死地求生的境地。把這半個世紀的浩瀚史料收集起來,加以分析,合理地編排,清晰客觀地敘述,需要史學家的精深造詣。</span><s><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
</span></s><s><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></s></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我讀茨仁夏加教授對這段歷史的客觀陳述,常常會想到,從這半個世紀藏民族的遭遇中可以得到什麽樣的經驗教訓?雖然歷史不能假設,後來人卻永遠需要從歷史中學習和提高。我覺得,歷史的教訓可以分兩大部分。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對外,要瞭解你的對手,看清你的對手,永遠不要上中共統戰策略的當。這半個世紀裡,藏人深受中共統戰之苦。中共是建立在馬克思列寧主義理論基礎上的政治集團,它有明確的政治綱領,那就是通過階級鬥爭來改造社會,爲此無論造成多少殺戮和苦難都是理所當然的,使用任何手段和策略也都是應該的。共產黨的理論認爲,道德是階級社會的上層建築,不同階級各有各的道德,世上不存在人類共同的超階級道德倫理。根據這一理論,搞階級鬥爭就談不上講道德,不僅可以欺騙,而且作爲一種策略,欺騙對手是應該的,因此,中共的統戰政策實質上就是最大的系統性欺騙。統戰的要義是策略的階段性,分化敵人,在一定階段內聯合次要敵人來打擊主要敵人。打敗了主要敵人以後,在次要敵人中選擇新的主要敵人而打擊之,最終目標是消滅所有的敵人。統戰手段其實並不複雜,無非花言巧語加名利誘惑。在中共的理論中,他們並不諱言這種一個階段一個階段地分別消滅所有敵人的謀劃。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藉助龐大的統戰系統,中共把每個“統戰對象”研究得十分透徹,找到了每個人的弱點,軟硬兼施,精準攻擊人性中最薄弱的地方。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對內,藏人要瞭解自己,看清自己,要致力於團結。回頭看歷史,當藏民族面對現代政治疾風暴雨的時候,也是藏民族十分困難的時候,但是由於長期自我封閉於世界風雲之外,藏人缺少政治經驗。在很多至關緊要的歷史關頭,藏人往往受歷史延續下來的內部矛盾影響,無法達成一致而形成統一的力量。茨仁夏加教授多次説到,面臨危局,藏人內部“離心離德”。在真正的千年未有之變局面前,內部的分歧,缺乏共識和大局觀念,非常不利於處於弱勢的民族。藏人必須看到,人性中最容易出現的弱點是面對複雜困難局面的時候,一廂情願地傾向於自己希望看到的東西,而那些一廂情願的良好願望所看到的往往只是幻象。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所幸的是,達賴喇嘛尊者從年輕時就認識到,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">藏民族</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">必須</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">走出</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">前現代,跨過這道門檻,走向現代化。達賴喇嘛尊者主張藏民族要改革舊的政治體制,他是藏民族的改革派。他又是一個願意學習,善於學習的人。在走向流亡之後,藏人出於對嘉瓦仁波切的崇敬和服膺,擁抱現代化,成爲二十世紀世界政治流亡群體中最</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">為</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">團結、和平、善良、組織良好</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流亡社區</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,廣受世界的尊重</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同時也要看到,在西藏境內,經過中共六十多年的政治宣傳和教育,沒有經歷過苦難歷史的一些年輕人,被中共革命理論的烏托邦</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">幻象</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所吸引</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中共</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">則</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">利用這些人作爲統戰力量來達到他們管治西藏的目的。中共在</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">壓制藏人語言文化,在限制宗教的同時推出</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏傳佛教中國化</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,提倡跨民族通婚,以文化交流爲名</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">來促進</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">民族同化。漢化藏人是中共永久占領和改造西藏的唯一途徑。而爲了防止</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">境内</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏人民衆</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">瞭解達賴喇嘛尊者的思想和對未來西藏的願景</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,中共</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">千方百計割斷境内外</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏人之間</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的聯係,以便對境内藏人</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">實行思想封鎖。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏人在這被占領被統治的困難時期,既要汲取歷史教訓,走向現代化,又要保持藏文化,做到“亡國不滅種”,這需要藏</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">族</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的每一个成员</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有明確而強烈的自我意識和民族認同。達賴喇嘛尊者流亡六十年,他一步一步地帶領藏人走進現代化。他用幾十年時間使流亡藏人社會實現了政治民主化,結束了僧侶和貴族統治的傳統。他實現了流亡藏人的教育現代化,流亡藏人開始了人才輩出的時代。他把科學對話帶進了佛教僧院,在藏傳佛教寺院裏建立了現代科學教育和考試的制度。他強調藏民族的長遠生存依賴於科學教育,依賴於現代化。同時,他強調藏人要繼續弘揚佛法,繼承佛教傳統,興盛藏語言文字和文學藝術。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">長遠而言,藏文明不滅,就是藏民族的勝利。説到底,藏人的未來,取決於藏人自己。中共關於社會發展必然規律的説法,已經被證明是荒謬虛幻的,是站不住腳的。中共宣傳的藏人只有走中國的社會主義道路才能實現現代化,根本就是謊言。藏人有選擇自己的生活方式,選擇自己的現代化道路的權力和能力。藏人要傳承自己的文化,有自己的認同,有藏人自己的自我意識,爲此,藏人的後代要瞭解和記住,這條坎坷的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">道</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">路是怎</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">樣</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">走過來的。茨仁夏加教授的這部著作,是瞭解現代西藏歷史的必讀書。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"></span><p></p>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-43109770681144387242021-11-16T14:38:00.002-05:002023-03-03T22:54:15.972-05:00 《當鉄鳥在天空飛翔》英文、藏文版出版感言<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju2bxuXEkRknhd4cWiOi6SV9gFswyG006OYpYDkjIz_5xDxEiRuiSI0ub1mbjmo2kUmZ5jNxkGSDJ4twF4-wD5bN5xAjkoZYRuY_PitIQf-p4poo-EVWEcBZiDxM6xXMAths4-i0UVmI0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="1048" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju2bxuXEkRknhd4cWiOi6SV9gFswyG006OYpYDkjIz_5xDxEiRuiSI0ub1mbjmo2kUmZ5jNxkGSDJ4twF4-wD5bN5xAjkoZYRuY_PitIQf-p4poo-EVWEcBZiDxM6xXMAths4-i0UVmI0/w465-h223/covers.jpg" width="465" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: DengXian;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">日前來自印度達蘭薩拉的消息,我有關</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">1956-1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">年西藏歷史的專著《當鉄鳥在天空飛翔——</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">1956-1962</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">青藏高原上的秘密戰爭</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">》藏文版正式出版。與此同時,英文版(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">When the Iron Bird Flies: China’s
Secret War in Tibet</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">)由斯坦福大學出版社出版,已經在亞馬遜網站上預售。這本書是我几年研究的結果,在研究、寫作、翻譯和出版期間得到了很多朋友的幫助。欣慰之余,懷著感激和謙卑,我想寫下如下感言。</span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">青史是否成灰,有時在一念之間</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1999</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我在紐約中央公園聆聽達賴喇嘛尊者對數萬紐約市民演講,深深震撼,這改變了我的餘生。我開始閲讀有關西藏問題的書籍文獻。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我在紐約第一次拜見達賴喇嘛尊者,被尊者的慈悲與智慧深深感動。我利用在圖書館工作的條件,開始廣汎閲讀有關西藏文化和歷史的書籍。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">2007</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我第一次前往印度達蘭薩拉和南印度,采訪西藏流亡社區。從此以後,我幾乎每年都會前往印度做田野調查。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與西藏流亡社區的初次接觸,我意識到一個問題:迫使達賴喇嘛尊者</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年出走印度的事件,其前因後果的記載敘述,遠非完備詳盡。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中共在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年入藏后,以“占領”和“改造”西藏為綱領,展開了一系列精心籌劃,嚴密組織,逐漸展開的統戰和社會改造工程。從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年底開始,受内地合作化運動的鼓舞,中共決定在藏地啓動土地改革,先從四省藏區著手,逐漸向衛藏地區推廣。這一以中共意識形態和革命綱領為指導而徹底摧毀藏區傳統社會結構的做法,立即激起了藏人的反抗,中共隨即派兵鎮壓。這就是從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年春天開始,一直延續到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年夏,在青藏高原發生的長達六年的秘密戰爭。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中共爲此動用了蘭州、昆明、新疆、内蒙古、西藏、成都等軍區所轄部隊,計有步兵至少八個師,三個空軍師和另兩個空軍獨立團,騎兵總數約等於三個師。參戰部隊纍計兵力約為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">23</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">千人,以及大量民兵。參戰的解放軍包括空軍和陸軍,動用了當時中國最先進的杜</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">-4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,伊爾</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">-28</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等轟炸機,陸軍兵種包括步兵、騎兵、炮兵、裝甲兵、航空兵、工兵、防化兵等,以及運輸、通訊、偵察、醫療等部隊。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據我後來收集中國方面的檔案文獻所做出的不完整統計,在鎮壓藏人的這場戰爭中,被中共“殲滅”的藏人人數至少為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">34</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">千人。中文版出版后,我找到解放軍總政治部的一份機密文件,根據文件中的數據,截至</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1961</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">11</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,被“殲滅”的藏人人數達</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">45</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">千多人。在英文版和藏文版裏,我采用了這個軍方數據。戰爭之後,中共大規模逮捕、處決和監禁藏人精英和青壯男子。有些牧區部落的青壯男子幾乎被捕殺殆盡,到了部落無法延續而瀕臨滅絕的地步。中共内部的藏人幹部甚至不得不向上級祈求,給藏民族“留下人種”。這是當代世界史上一起鮮爲人知的人道災難。在此期間,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年中共還在藏區展開“宗教改革”運動,摧毀了藏區幾乎所有的幾千所佛教寺院,只剩下幾十所外界影響很大的寺院作爲文物保留下來。現在旅游者在藏區各地看到的寺院絕大多數是在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1980-90</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代重建或者部分修復的。然而,外界對這一切知之甚少。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">經過大量文件研讀和親歷者訪談,我逐漸瞭解了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1956-1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年青藏高原上的這場秘密戰爭的大概情況,意識到這場戰爭被長期掩蓋,而中共的話語主導了這一段歷史的敘述。西方藏史學界的研究主要集中在衛藏地區,對其他地區,特別是安多牧區發生的事件知之甚少。有些親共的藏學家即使略知一二,卻使用中共的話語:中共在藏區展開“民主改革”是幫助藏民族引入文明和先進,是藏人的上層精英反對這種社會進步而武力阻擾,從而導致了武裝衝突。甚至藏人中的年輕一代也不瞭解那六年裏發生的事情,大多只知道</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年達賴喇嘛由於“平叛”而出走。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我意識到,記錄和保存這段對藏民族來説無比慘痛的歷史,已經到了最後的時刻。事件已經過去了將近半個世紀,當年的親歷者,即使是青少年,也已經垂垂老矣,來日可數。如果沒有親歷者的證言和檔案文獻相互參照比對,那麽將來即使有人從文字記載中尋找真相,也只能是純粹的文獻研究。更何況,有關這六年的記錄是零星散佈在大量性質不同的中、英、藏文資料之中,收集整理極爲費時費力。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在我後來多次采訪達賴喇嘛尊者的時候,有一次尊者說,納粹德國迫害屠殺猶太人,紅色高棉迫害屠殺民衆,全世界都知道那裏發生了什麽。可是我們藏人遭受如此屠殺和迫害,外界卻將信將疑,因爲我們沒能拿出詳盡的證據來。作爲藏民族的領袖,此話何其慘痛!</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中共和納粹德國不一樣,和紅色高棉不一樣,他們在鎮壓屠殺、逮捕監禁藏人的時候,從一開始就打算隱瞞,打算掩蓋。他們從一開始就明明白白地知道那是十惡不赦的罪行,是只能做不能説的,所以他們在歷史資料的隱瞞掩蓋方面做得最爲徹底,通過歷史學研究揭示真相非常困難。中共對藏區六年戰爭的詳情實行了嚴格的保密。戰場是在邊遠偏僻的高山草原,中國軍隊在屠殺部落牧民后甚至任其曝尸曠野,因爲那是人跡罕見之地,外界毫不知情。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有一個聲音一直在我耳邊響著:當年跟隨達賴喇嘛尊者前往印度避難的藏人游擊隊員阿塔,在目送尊者越過邊境后向</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">CIA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">報告中寫道:“請把藏民族的苦難告訴世界”。然而,半個世紀過去了,這六年的歷史如果沒有人搜集研究,就無法避免青史成灰,消失如烟。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我知道藏學界和史學界沒有人在做這六年的歷史研究,因爲這早已不是學術熱點。在事件發生后幾近半個世紀,親歷者都進入晚年的時候,研究這一段歷史的最佳時間窗口正在一點點地無聲關閉。過了這段時間,很多只有親歷者才知道的細節將會消失。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我思考再三,決定辭去我在美國的工作,用自己全部的時間、精力和個人資源來調查、研究和記錄這段歷史,不讓青史成灰。那是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,美國正陷於經濟危機,大家都在擔心被解雇的時候,我辭職了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和難民們在一起</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">辭職前,我在紐約法拉盛公共圖書館工作。我是單親母親,女兒正在讀大學。我有一套小小的公寓,按揭還沒付清。每天上班只要步行十幾分鐘,生活工作都算安定。一旦辭職,安逸的生活方式立即消失。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我是懷揣八十美元到美國留學的,在美國沒有其他家人可以求助。沒有一個學術機構資助和支持,進行完全獨立的學術研究,我只能利用自身僅有的資源。我完全不知道靠我自己能夠支撐多久,能不能按照我的設想進行下去。辭職後不到兩個星期,我整理行裝前往印度。我要去印度和尼泊爾的西藏難民定居點,尋找當年的親歷者,讓他們留下親身經歷,再來比對中共方面和西藏方面留下的各類文獻,重建史實。這是我當年在課堂上學到的史學研究方法,這種研究方法比單純的文獻研究更爲繁瑣,也更費時,但是可以揭示出中共文獻資料所沒有記載,或者經過扭曲掩蓋的細節。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我的圖書館專業訓練和工作便利,使得我熟悉文獻和資訊的儲存、檢索、調閲方式,我的歷史學訓練讓我重新拾起了當年從猶太教授那裏學來的嚴格的文本分析和史實重建的方法。具備這些基本技能,使得我有信心進行這樣一項難度頗大的研究。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中共有一套文件命令下達和回收保管的制度,有絕密、機密、保密和内部發行等級別。文革后的改革開放時期,有些當年的秘密文件得到了部分解密的處理,有些作爲領導人生平的功績而得以匯編成冊,内部或公開地出版。同時又有一些領導人或其家人和下級的回憶錄出版。這些資料在得以公開的同時,也有可能做了刪改。這類資訊,分佈在各個不同時段的各類不同出版物中。從世界各地的圖書檔案舘搜集整理,獲得複印件或抄件,還需要比對不同時期的不同版本,得出最可靠的内容,整個過程極其枯燥,極其耗腦。但是,在經過一番分析后終於厘清綫索而有所發現的時候,也是非常令人興奮的時刻。爲了重建這六年多的事件,我把資料“提純”,即從成千上萬頁的資料中通過考證提取出準確信息,再把大量零星散碎的數據製成一系列表格,用這樣的方式把資料“濃縮”成詳細的研究筆記。在具體的“戰役分析“部分,則需要對藏人的口述歷史和中共的官方記錄進行對照。經過這樣漫長繁瑣的過程之後,整個事件的原因、過程、結果就一目瞭然了。嚴格説來,這個過程并未在中文版由台灣聯經出版社出版而結束。此後的近十年裏,我仍然在繼續挖掘和整理新資料,并且把一些後來發現的資料加入了英文版和藏文版中。這個過程在我的有生之年裏還會繼續。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">感謝流亡藏人的協助,我訪問了幾十個西藏難民定居點,采訪了幾百位親歷者。他們的口述經歷,常常讓我非常震驚。而這些口述歷史資料用於歷史研究,又必須非常小心地核實求證時間地點。早期的西藏難民很多沒有受過教育,如果他們不能確切地告訴我事件發生的時間和地點,我就不能用於歷史時間綫的重建。舊時藏區有很多地方只有部落或寺院的名字,中共占領后,部落結構被摧毀,寺院也幾經變遷,很多地方改了名。把藏人流亡者告訴我的傳統藏文地名和現在的地名對應起來,是我研究中非常繁瑣費力,而又十分重要的步驟。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這時,西藏難民已經流亡半個世紀了。他們流亡中出生的第二代已經長大成人,第三代也已經是青少年了。他們向我講述的流亡緣由和經歷,有時候連他們的第二代第三代都沒有聼到過。在一些偏遠的難民村,他們說,我是半個世紀裏唯一到了那裏的漢人。他們提到漢人,沒有憤怒,沒有怨恨,我從來沒有遇到過一個藏人向我表達過對漢人的仇恨。我所采訪過的年紀最大的老人已經</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">94</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">嵗,他臥床不起,卻堅持要見到我這個來到小山村的漢人,要告訴我當年的事情,還感謝我來傾聽他的經歷。面對這些善良、樸素的老人,這些出走時還是青少年,如今垂垂老矣的長者,我在心裏反復責問自己,爲什麽我來得這麽晚?五十年了,爲什麽我現在才來?</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這是一件值得做的正確的事</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《當鉄鳥在天空飛翔》交稿后,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我囘南昌探望母親。那時還很少有人知道我在做這項研究,我還可以拿到簽證。趁探親的機會,在朋友的幫助下,我悄悄地在四省藏區做了一次自駕旅行。我的目的是要親臨當年鎮壓藏人的戰爭中一些重要的戰場,并且接觸藏人僧俗民衆,瞭解現狀,同時采訪一些重要人士。我在西寧采訪了退休的果洛州州長達傑先生,長談三天。如今他早已辭世,所以我能夠公開説出他的名字了。我深深地懷念他。我一直記得他對我說的那句話:“我已經八十嵗了,這些話現在不説,什麽時候說?”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我有幸能夠記錄下他在生命最後階段為藏民族留下的歷史見證。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在黃河邊,大風大雨中,我站在坡頂,面對遠處的河灘。我有證據,當年就在那片河灘上,尸橫遍野,幾個部落的藏人牧民男女老少在那裏遭到屠殺。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在“興海東南殲滅戰“戰場,我靜默良久,仿佛聽到歷史深處傳來轟炸機投下的炸彈驚天動地的聲音。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨後,我要囘美國一次,參與美國之音“解密時刻”有關西藏問題的節目,同時想為女兒安排好最後的學生生活。我買了來回機票,打算美國之音的節目做完就再囘中國,繼續我在國内的訪談。就在登機回國前兩天,中國駐紐約領事館把我找去,宣佈取消了我的簽證。我知道,他們終於察覺了我在做的研究。從此,我上了黑名單,再也去不了中國。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,我期待,甚至盼望的,中國方面對我的研究及著作展開的反駁、辯證、討論,卻從沒出現。我明白,任何史學研究,任何發現和結論,任何史料,都不可能是完美的,完備的。沒有人能夠在一部專著裏窮盡一切。所以,我期望有人出來指出我收集的史料何處不足,何處分析出錯,何處結論偏頗或錯謬。作爲研究者,我只會感激任何同行的商榷,我會由此得到修正的機會,使之更完善。但是,中共在禁止我入境后,對我的研究和著作,卻采取了視而不見的態度。我知道“有關方面”買了我的書,“有關人士”讀過我的書,但是他們一聲不響。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原因很簡單,他們的任何反駁或討論,只會促進這一課題的研究,使得數據更具體更詳盡更準確,使得證據更無可辯駁地證明,這場秘密戰爭,這場對藏人的大屠殺,曾經發生過。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一方面,我的研究與寫作也并非没有遇到种种干擾。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《當鉄鳥在天空飛翔》在台灣剛剛出版,互聯網上立即出現了對我的批判。這些評論絲毫不涉及這本書的具體内容,不涉及史料、數據、方法和結論,只是從道德上攻擊我是反對西藏獨立的大漢族主義者,諸如此類。從那以後,每每是在我出版新書、發表文章或者接受媒體采訪的時候,這種攻擊就會在互聯網上出現一波。攻擊者從來沒有對我的研究内容發起討論,而是利用互聯網的環境,將無法正面交流的攻擊漸漸轉變為對個人的人格謀殺。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這種狀況一時給了我很大的困擾。曾經有那麽短暫的時間,我對我付出如此代價而進行這樣的研究是不是值得產生了懷疑。這一切,值得嗎?</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">感謝那些熱情接待我的西藏難民,當我對自己產生懷疑的時候,我想起了他們。他們還在流亡,他們有家不能回已經超過了半個世紀。和他們相比,我這點不快算不了什麽。這種攻擊的組織、發動和協調方式,仔細考察就不難發現我很熟悉的某種特徵,無非是要讓我覺得不值,讓我覺得無趣,讓我感到惱怒而退出,不再把研究進行下去。想通了這一點,我就更不能退出了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">達賴喇嘛尊者説過,“西藏問題,是一個道德問題”。堅持研究那一段歷史,是一件值得做的正確的事情。我永遠不會退出,因爲我有堅持這樣做的道德自信。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">致謝</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《當鉄鳥在天空飛翔》中文版、英文版、藏文版都已正式出版,在此之前,《</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:拉薩》的中文、英文和藏文版也已經出版。《一生三世:阿壩戈爾登仁波切回憶錄》的英文和中文版不久前在台灣和印度出版,藏文翻譯也已經完成。我履行了我向黃河灘的草原上被中共屠殺的藏人亡靈的承諾,向世人,也向後世講述了他們的命運。在中共黨史上,這是一筆血債;在藏民族歷史上,這是一場浩劫;在千年佛教史上,這是一場法難。不管多少年后,當人們回顧這段歷史時就有了記錄和證據。對那時的人來説,對我們的後代來説,我個人爲此所付出的一切,相比之下太渺小,太微不足道了。不讓青史儘成灰,是歷史學家的責任,也是使命。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我感謝達賴喇嘛尊者多次開示,多次接受我的采訪。感謝阿壩格爾登仁波切和果洛州達傑州長的信任,接受我的長時間訪談。感謝西藏流亡社會幾百位藏人熱情接待我,并且盡可能詳盡地告訴我他們的遭遇。感謝采訪中的翻譯達瓦才仁、扎西次仁、桑杰嘉、加央、貢波措,以及很多我無法一一提及名字的翻譯。感謝藏文版的翻譯强巴丹增和達赫拉嘉,英文版的翻譯</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Susan Wolf</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> Stacy Moshe</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。感謝西藏檔案圖書舘館長拉多格西親自審校藏文譯本。感謝藏學家</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Mathew Akaster</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幫助我搜尋和翻譯藏文資料。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">感謝台灣聯經出版公司林載爵先生和香港新世紀出版社鮑樸先生的提携,以及編輯同仁的辛苦工作。感謝哈佛大學出版社和斯坦福大學出版社十幾位編輯的努力。感謝書中地圖的繪製者和圖片提供者。我還要感謝中國境内幫助過我而此刻還不便提及姓名的朋友們。德不孤,必有鄰,我們一同努力,做了一件正確的事情。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinjk_3rh6lHc3DxsnTj9ANy-2Aux_3Daa4WgvZpJnHzAM4sknBswhHSxUv9hrTKGS-NHfLru5jIiyGmp9tKCY3706-MmwuFbKTRZwtW1GsgOTuq_WhK46l_HyZJbdH5qEJotgErooZnM4/" style="font-size: 13pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="838" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinjk_3rh6lHc3DxsnTj9ANy-2Aux_3Daa4WgvZpJnHzAM4sknBswhHSxUv9hrTKGS-NHfLru5jIiyGmp9tKCY3706-MmwuFbKTRZwtW1GsgOTuq_WhK46l_HyZJbdH5qEJotgErooZnM4/" width="320" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw028-p916KkGs4gxqojE2mIGqJocje-CAGi52xlHVkNXTc17L4HtsYlPXY58m8DtGeMRM_6QK_e7Yfxxb_GGLCDwuShNg_YbWVivBf9GiZHNQUfJnuqspYJ-1x0MxOx9eazRNbB4j93E/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="914" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw028-p916KkGs4gxqojE2mIGqJocje-CAGi52xlHVkNXTc17L4HtsYlPXY58m8DtGeMRM_6QK_e7Yfxxb_GGLCDwuShNg_YbWVivBf9GiZHNQUfJnuqspYJ-1x0MxOx9eazRNbB4j93E/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">*轉載請注明首發光傳媒。</p>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-19449572057264646892021-04-22T14:29:00.001-04:002023-03-03T22:53:03.260-05:00撰写者后记:本书缘起<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh66SoOLb1jwJ8U90KIxT2yzla3tsFwvVIj4e2qcYAX1OyzvjAX9PFtzuBxsjUJSFEunRrdMsBg6cJ9K6flqZa1hCihe3YOPG8tnVhXh7PDwbkw5L0IeIBv_ZRo4cGhWF25VUPzLdTLCUI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="700" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh66SoOLb1jwJ8U90KIxT2yzla3tsFwvVIj4e2qcYAX1OyzvjAX9PFtzuBxsjUJSFEunRrdMsBg6cJ9K6flqZa1hCihe3YOPG8tnVhXh7PDwbkw5L0IeIBv_ZRo4cGhWF25VUPzLdTLCUI/" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h1 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif; font-size: 17.004px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">一生三世(精裝):格爾登仁波切回憶錄</h1><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">作者: </span><a href="https://search.books.com.tw/search/query/key/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B1%9F%E7%90%B3/adv_author/1/" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; outline: none; text-align: left;">李江琳</a><span face="Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">出版社:</span><a href="http://"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif" style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; text-align: left;">雪域出版社</span></span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, PMingLiU, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;">出版日期:2021/04/26</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">27</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,年仅</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">24</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">岁的阿坝县格尔登寺时轮扎仓僧人扎白在自己的袈裟上洒满燃油,手持印着达赖喇嘛尊者法相的西藏国旗,从寺院冲向阿坝县城。在街道上,他点燃了自己身上的袈裟。升腾的火焰中,扎白高声呼喊口号,回答他的是警察朝他发射的枪声。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这是西藏的第一起自焚抗议事件。此后,藏人自焚抗议事件蔓延到西藏三区,成为震惊世界的大事件。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">作为当代西藏历史研究者,我的研究重点是中共统治下的安多地区,特别是一九五零年代在安多发生的一系列重大事件。阿坝格尔登寺自焚事件发生后,我意识到作为研究者,我过去的研究主要集中在青海和甘肃的甘南,相当程度上忽略了阿坝地区。一方面,这是由于现行政治结构中的安多被划入青海、四川、甘肃三省,大量相关资料是按照省来组织和呈现的。在四川省的资料中,甘孜,即传统西藏的康区,通常得到更多的关注;另一方面,这也与阿坝本身的地理环境和历史特点有关。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">无论是从传统西藏版图的角度,还是以目前中国行政版图的角度,阿坝地区都是一个边远之地。历史上的阿坝属于西藏三区中的安多,并且处在安多与康交界之处,距离西藏的政治中心拉萨有漫长的距离。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在现在的中国行政版图中,阿坝地区属于四川省,为“阿坝藏族羌族自治州”,地处青、川、甘三省交界处。然而,传统上作为安多一部分的阿坝和现在作为四川省一部分的阿坝,其实是两个不同的概念,格尔登仁波切在回忆录中对此有详细解释。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">传统的阿坝一带是一片以高寒草原为主的地区。生活在那里的藏人多数以游牧为生。在漫长的历史中,那里的藏人有稳固的社会组织,通过肖卡(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Shokka</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,汉译“部落”)和寺院系统,形成独特的社会结构和生活方式。他们无论在精神上还是物质上都自给自足,与外界很少交往,外界对他们也极其陌生。很长的历史时期里,阿坝一带被认为是“三不管”地区,只有当地的藏人领袖和寺院的转世仁波切及其拉章,即仁波切的直属管理机构,对那一带的民众实行有效的管理。即使到了二十世纪前半叶,国民政府将阿坝地区划入四川省,但官方绘制的地图上,阿坝一带依然面目不清。中共建政后于一九五零年出版的四川省地图上,阿坝一带只有寥寥几个寺院名,其余皆为空白。作为西藏当代史研究者,我能找到的关于二十世纪前半叶阿坝地区最好的描述,是美国传教士</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">罗伯特·布雷诺德·艾克瓦尔</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Dell/Documents/Autobiography%20of%20Kirti%20Rinpoche/drafts/%E6%92%B0%E5%86%99%E8%80%85%E5%90%8E%E8%AE%B0.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的著作。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,在阿坝,以及在安多地区负有盛名的格尔登寺,就以寺院僧人自焚抗议这样惨烈的方式,出现在世人眼前,也给我提出了很多亟待深入研究的问题。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二○一一年十一月,流亡境外的格尔登寺最高精神导师,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第十一世格尔登仁波切罗桑丹增晋美·益西嘉措就阿坝局势到美国国会作证。 见到报导后,我立刻致电藏人朋友贡噶扎西,询问是否可以安排我采访仁波切。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">十六日,仁波切在繁忙的行程中抽出时间,在他下榻的纽约曼哈顿王朝酒店接受了我的采访。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">初次见到的仁波切给我留下深刻印象。像我有幸见过和访谈过的其他佛教高僧一样,处在一连串大事件中心的仁波切神态安详,说话语气平和。谈话过程中,仁波切不时对我微笑。然而,当我问及境内寺院的情况时,仁波切眉头微蹙,显示出他内心对境内僧俗民众安危的担忧。如今回想起来,我当时提出的问题显示,我对阿坝地区近代和当代历史的了解相当有限,但仁波切不以我的无知为杵,极有耐心地详细回答。在短短一小时里,仁波切为我揭开了阿坝厚重历史之幕的一角。当我问及仁波切在一九五零年代的个人遭遇时,仁波切微笑说,他的经历三天三夜也说不完,如果我有机会去印度达兰萨拉,他会详细告诉我。我当即说次年我会去达兰萨拉,希望能记录仁波切的故事。仁波切含笑应允。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">就这样,我幸运地得到为仁波切撰写回忆录的机会。这也是我对阿坝当代历史研究之始。这次访谈之后,我开始收集、研读有关阿坝近现代的各种史料。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二零一二年夏,我返回中国大陆探亲。借此机会,我悄悄去了一趟四川、甘肃和青海藏区,也就是安多地区。我和几位友人以自驾游客的名义从成都进入阿坝,途中特别去了仁波切青少年时代生活过的若尔盖达仓拉莫格尔登寺。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Dell/Documents/Autobiography%20of%20Kirti%20Rinpoche/drafts/%E6%92%B0%E5%86%99%E8%80%85%E5%90%8E%E8%AE%B0.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此行我不仅切实感受到阿坝的紧张气氛,同时对仁波切少年和青年时生活过的地方,以及仁波切当年的驻锡地有了较为详细的观察。这种史料、实地观察和口述历史结合的研究方式虽然耗时耗力,但对我理解仁波切所经历的时代,以及在此背景下的仁波切个人遭遇大有助益。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二零一二年秋天,我住在达兰萨拉格尔登经学院的客房里,等待仁波切从台湾返回。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">仁波切创建的达兰萨拉格尔登经学院靠近达赖喇嘛尊者的居所。从达兰萨拉汽车站下车,走过小镇,沿着神庙街(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Temple street</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)走到底,就是达兰萨拉辩经院。辩经院大门旁边,隔着下山的公路,有一间咖啡馆。咖啡馆旁边是一条很陡的坡路,走上坡就是格尔登经学院。经过经学院大门,狭窄的街道左边有一道高高的台阶,拾级而上就到了格尔登拉章。仁波切的住处,他接见来客和信众的会客室,以及他的私人办公室,就在这座楼房的顶上。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">十一月,仁波切刚从台北回来就抽出将近两周的时间,对我详细叙述他的经历。再次见到仁波切,是在他的会客室。这是一间很大的客厅,没有座椅,前来拜见的客人和信众都在仁波切的法座前席地而坐。几分钟后,仁波切就注意到我无法按照藏人的习惯和礼仪在他面前盘膝而坐。他微笑着对秘书轻轻说了几句话。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">接下来的一个多星期里,每天下午我带着录像机和录音机,到仁波切住处的私人办公室,进行至少三小时的访谈。仁波切居住的顶楼小院明亮清爽,一排平房圈出一片屋顶花园,空出的一面正对着康佳拉山谷。平房的廊下摆着一排花盆。喜马拉雅山区的深秋已经很冷,仁波切的花园和廊下依然鲜花灿烂。我十分感激仁波切细心地将访谈安排在他的私人办公室,我们围坐在茶几边的椅子上,使我在几十小时的访谈中没有感到身体不适。访谈过程中,为了厘清一些细节,我常常反复提问,仁波切总是耐心回答。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此后的两、三年里,我又对仁波切进行了两次补充采访和一次文字采访,请仁波切增加更多内容,澄清一些我不大理解的细节。初稿于二零一四年完成,经仁波切详细审阅后提出的意见作出修改,增加一些重要细节,然后再次请仁波切审阅,最终于二零一八年底</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">定稿,这已经是第七稿。</span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">格尔登仁波切的回忆录不仅是他个人的经历,也是阿坝地区一个特殊历史阶段中极其宝贵的重要史料。仁波切叙述的社会形态、生活方式、寺院教育、地方和寺院之间的关系等等,在经过中共以战争方式,以“民主改革”为名的强行改变后,至少在表面上,或者说在当下的行政结构上已经不复存在。仁波切的早年生活回忆,是那一历史阶段最后的见证。因此,无论从史学的角度,还是从文化人类学的角度,仁波切的回忆录是非常珍贵的记录,具有独特的学术价值。</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">格尔登仁波切的个人经历恰在西藏历史的一个转折过程中。仁波切并非西方人曾经臆想的“会飞的喇嘛”,或者中国人相信的具有某种神秘力量的“活佛”,而是最早的一批受过现代教育的西藏高僧。仁波切在流亡过程中完成了现代和传统双重教育,并且去过很多国家,对西藏的未来和藏汉关系的未来,都有独特的见解。此外,深有历史感的仁波切还保留了许多珍贵的历史照片。得到仁波切的允许,我将其中的一部分用作此书的插图。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">理解仁波切和他所处的历史阶段,我们应当对仁波切所处的文化背景和生活方式有所了解和理解。阿坝一带藏人的游牧生活方式,对于来自农耕文明的汉人读者,无疑是相当陌生的。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在英文里,“肖卡”通常译为</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tribe</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,在中文里通常译为“部落”。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,无论是</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tribe </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">还是“部落”都有自身的含义,并不能很好地表现“肖卡”这种历史悠久的社会组织。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿坝的“肖卡”与汉人以宗族为基础的村落不同,肖卡是一个层级社会组织,通常下辖若干“措哇”,而措哇有的是同一家族的组合,有的是几个不同家庭的组合。肖卡虽然是历史形成,但也会有变化,大的肖卡有时会分裂,小的肖卡也可以并入其他的肖卡。由于游牧生活方式的特点,肖卡有相对固定的驻牧地,因此,一个肖卡的名称常常也是一个地域的名称。有时候,一个肖卡包含农区和牧区两部分。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在此书的撰写过程中,我与英国藏学家</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Matthew Akester</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">反复讨论怎样才能比较准确地用通用词汇来表现藏文中的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">shokka</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Matthew</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一再强调,无论是英语的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tribe</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">还是中文的部落,都可能由于读者对词汇的顾名思义造成误解而忽略了肖卡这一组织形态的本质。最后我们同意,最佳方式是采用音译,通过对这个词的注释,使读者了解“肖卡”不能简单地等同于“部落”。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">较大的肖卡通常有自己的寺院,有的是固定的寺院,也有的是随着肖卡季节性迁移的账房寺院,这样就形成寺院系统与特定地域民众之间的特殊关系。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在藏区人们常常会说“我们的寺院”,因为特定的寺院是由某个或者某些特定的肖卡供养,僧人通常也是这些肖卡各家庭的子弟。民众的生活与寺院密切相关,生老病死、节日喜庆等等都与寺院相连。仁波切详细介绍了寺院与地方的关系,以及仁波切与甲波的关系。特别是后者,从仁波切的叙述可见,这是一种既各自独立,又彼此交错;既是上师与弟子之间的施供关系,又是共同管理辖下民众的合作关系。这种独特的关系在藏区有悠久的历史。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">历史上的阿坝一带是个高度自治的地区,具有“国中之国”的性质。阿坝周边的果洛、嘉绒、松曲(松潘)等都具有类似性质。汉文文献中称之为“土司”或“土官”的世袭官职,藏人称之为“甲波”,即“国王”。肖卡这一社会组织形式和“甲波”的地位来自于历史传承,而非外来政权的组织和委任。中共建政之前,外部政权最多给这些已经传承很多代的甲波们一个名义上的“印信”或印章,以显示“国家权力”,但在大多数情形下,并不干涉甲波们的内部事务,在外部政权无法实施有效管理的牧区更是如此。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">正如仁波切所说,格尔登拉章与外部政权保持良好关系,如四川省政府和青海的马步芳政府,但并不接受他们的统治;拉章也与拉萨三大寺保持宗教上的联系,但格尔登寺并不是三大寺的属寺。他们不向外部政权交税,也不接受外部政权的统治,他们有自己的法律、税收、教育和管理方式,并且早已形成完整而有效的管理系统和体制,他们是完全独立的。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0.15in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">仁波切回忆中的阿坝社会结构,在一九五六年后遭到彻底摧毁。中共按照汉文化传统的方式将阿坝原有的肖卡重组,根据不同时代的变化,时而为“乡”,时而为“公社”,然后又改成“乡”。在阿坝地区“到此一游”的旅行者,不会知道那些“乡”的背后,有一段长长的历史,也不会知道从“肖卡”到“乡”这一变迁所经历的血腥过程。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,现行行政框架下不复存在的社会结构依然顽强地存在于当地人民的集体记忆和自我认知中。二零一五年十月,我在达兰萨拉格尔登寺的客栈等待仁波切接见。那些日子里,客栈里住满了仁波切的乡亲</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">----</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一个来自阿坝的朝圣团。他们告诉我,为了这次朝圣,他们提前一年多就开始准备。他们要准备路费、献给达赖喇嘛尊者和格尔登仁波切的供养,为了省钱,他们还要准备路上所需的食物。他们把肉末、奶酪、少许蔬菜合上糌粑捏成团晒干,背上一袋子,出门在外只要有水有火,很快就能煮成一锅营养丰富的肉粥。<br /></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">仁波切接见的那天,秘书告诉我,仁波切的安排是先与等待他多日的乡亲见面,然后再跟我讨论回忆录。在访谈中担任翻译的贡波措女士和我一同在仁波切的秘书办公室等待。来自阿坝的男女老少穿着漂亮的新衣,依次走到秘书晋美面前,深深弓腰,双手奉上他们敬献给仁波切的供养。仁波切十五岁就离开了他驻锡的寺院,半个多世纪过去了,对他的乡亲来说,仁波切依然是他们的精神导师,这一点绝不会因为时间的流逝,时代潮流的变化和行政区划的变迁而改变。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">当阿坝的乡亲们听说贡波措女士就是末代麦桑甲波华尔功臣烈的女儿时,他们立刻趋前向她行礼,并且双手捧上面额不等的钞票赠送给她。随后,他们请我拍下他们与贡波措的合影。这一切令我深切地感受到,在阿坝的乡亲们心目中,虽然末代麦桑甲波早已去世,贡波措也已经流亡多年,但麦桑仓依然存在,他们依然尊她为麦桑西莫。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">几天后,我在印度南方洪素西藏难民定居点的下密院又遇到了阿坝来的朝圣团。即使是在手机时代,他们依然按照古老的方式旅行。每到一处,只需找到他们的寺院,一切问题迎刃而解。下密院有他们的子弟在那里学习,如果他们去印度哲蚌寺,格尔登系统的绒波康村自然是他们的落脚处。这就是寺院与民众之间最常见的关系,其中的责任和义务都是双向的,并非中共用马克思主义阶级理论生搬硬套的那种“剥削和被剥削”的关系。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由此可见,撰写本书的过程,对我而言也是一个难得的学习过程。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.15in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">三</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本书虽然由我执笔撰写,但成书过程中有许多人的无私贡献。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这本书遇到的第一个阻碍,是仁波切和我无法用一种共同语言交谈。幸运的是,精通汉语的贡波措女士就住在达兰萨拉,因此,数十次的访谈均由贡波措女士担任全程翻译。没有她的参与和努力,访谈难以顺利进行。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">访谈完成后,仁波切的助手热多桑科(</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Rebdo Sangke</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)将全部录音不加任何增减地整理成藏文文字版。他一丝不苟地完成了这项费时费力的工作,连我提出的问题也记录成文字。这份藏文文字稿再由藏学家</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew Akester</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">先生翻译成英文交给我。我则以英文访谈稿为蓝本写成此书。仁波切审阅时,再请精通汉文的藏人口译成藏文,逐句读给仁波切,由仁波切确认信息是否准确,以及我的理解是否正确。<br /></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">在此我特别感谢</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew Akester</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">先生。</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">是我的益友,也是我的良师。在我的研究写作过程中,</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">给我无数的帮助。</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">是著名藏学家,曾在拉萨生活多年,精通藏语文,现在他定居达兰萨拉,与达兰萨拉格尔登寺有密切联系。每当我遇到难以理解的问题,或者无法确定的地名,我总是求助于他,他也总是及时回答。没有</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的帮助,我无法完成本书。<br /></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">在撰写过程中我遇到的一大难题,是我研究现代藏史过程中的一个“老问题”:西藏地名的更换。事实上,对于当地人来说,中国行政框架中”阿坝藏族羌族自治州”的某某县、某某乡并无很大的意义。在他们的认知中,即使作为社会组织的肖卡不再存在,作为地域的肖卡名称依然不改。这一点,我在二零一二年的“藏区秘行”中深有感受。几十年之后,出生在“某县某乡”的年轻人仍然知道自己的家族曾经属于哪个肖卡。因此,访谈中出现的地名很多时候是藏人自我认知中的地名,而非目前地图上所标示的地名。怎样将“过去的”和“现在的”地名相合,对我一直是个挑战。我采用的方法是在书中使用访谈者使用的地名,在注释中标出现在的地名,以帮助读者了解事件发生的具体地点。</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">同样的方法也用于翻译一些重要的概念,如汉语中的“土司、土官“,他们的妻子汉语中常常称为”土妇“,以及汉语中的“活佛”等等,这些名词我采用汉文音译加注释而不是易于产生歧义的转译。<br /></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">书中的注释全部由我添加,目的是为了帮助读者理解历史人物、地名和事件。本书中若有错漏,完全由我负责,敬请读者不吝赐教。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Dell/Documents/Autobiography%20of%20Kirti%20Rinpoche/drafts/%E6%92%B0%E5%86%99%E8%80%85%E5%90%8E%E8%AE%B0.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">罗伯特</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">·布雷诺德·艾克瓦尔(</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Robert Brainerd Ekvall 1898-1978) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">基督教宣道会传教士。生于甘肃,曾两度到阿坝地区传教,并建立了一个传教点。</span>1944<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年返回美国,后在华盛顿大学任教。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Dell/Documents/Autobiography%20of%20Kirti%20Rinpoche/drafts/%E6%92%B0%E5%86%99%E8%80%85%E5%90%8E%E8%AE%B0.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian;">此行的见闻见李江琳,《藏区秘行》。台北:联经出版公司,</span>2014.
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</div>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-87353461835999784782019-01-31T16:35:00.000-05:002019-01-31T16:35:08.938-05:00丁一夫:五十年前,法拉奇采访达赖喇嘛 <br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">2019</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">年是达赖喇嘛尊者流亡六十周年。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">年达赖喇嘛出走印度而流亡的时候,是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">24</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">岁。今天,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">84</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">岁的达赖喇嘛仍然在印度和世界各地旅行,弘法讲经,接见从国际政要到难民和穷人的各种人,宣讲世俗伦理和普世责任的思想。西藏流亡社会在达赖喇嘛指导下,在艰难困苦下生存下来,保存了西藏独有的宗教、语言和文化,并且成功地建设起民主政治制度。六十年来,达赖喇嘛做到了当年逼迫他逃亡的人想象都想象不到的事。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这六十年的路,不是那么容易走过来的。西藏难民和国际社会有很多见证了那些艰难岁月的人留下了回忆文字,达赖喇嘛在他的两部自传中也记载了流亡前后的经历。今天,达赖喇嘛在各种场合所说的话,立即就会传遍全世界。他的幽默,他的微笑,他的哈哈大笑,为全世界爱戴他的人们所津津乐道。但是,达赖喇嘛并不是六十年来一直有这样的知名度。他在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年抵达印度后,直到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1973</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年才有机会访问欧洲,第一次访问美国则是流亡二十年后的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年。流亡初期的达赖喇嘛在印度北方的山镇达兰萨拉默默地生活着。那时达赖喇嘛的精神状态是怎样的呢?对那些影响深远的事件和人物,年轻时候的达赖喇嘛是怎么看的?我们如今能够看到的这方面资料极为稀少。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,有一位记者,在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1968</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年远赴印度,采访了达赖喇嘛。那就是著名意大利记者奥里亚娜·法拉奇(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1929-2006</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLLRmJ5BIU38P6aRfJKYWmd6FyQ5KfIpO-Y-iD2BR134w4Z_5NU1nOMioJtoDhzcwDl0DLsyw20dv_maBtTq_XgLdeMu7XjT-1dMaQUQPmbJtUiEDg7b4Xhi70GXYZYd-4tb-teai6ZWg/s1600/oriana-fallaci.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLLRmJ5BIU38P6aRfJKYWmd6FyQ5KfIpO-Y-iD2BR134w4Z_5NU1nOMioJtoDhzcwDl0DLsyw20dv_maBtTq_XgLdeMu7XjT-1dMaQUQPmbJtUiEDg7b4Xhi70GXYZYd-4tb-teai6ZWg/s320/oriana-fallaci.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><span lang="ZH-CN" style="line-height: 19.9733px; text-align: start;">奥里亚娜·法拉奇(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 19.9733px; text-align: start;">1929-2006</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="line-height: 19.9733px; text-align: start;">)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇是一位有国际声誉的著名战地记者,十几岁就加入二战中的意大利反法西斯武装,战后开始记者生涯时还不到二十岁。她曾经采访过很多国际要人,当之无愧地被誉为“世界第一女记者”。她的职业声誉是从上世纪后期开始的,七十年代和八十年代才成为世界级的名人。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1968</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,从西方世界到达兰萨拉,路途遥远,交通困难。法拉奇正当壮年,又有多年战地记者的历练,想来难不倒她。可是她为什么会去采访当时并非世界热点的西藏流亡领袖呢?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇说<b>:</b>“让我们来听听这位披着袈裟的年轻人说了什么,喜马拉雅山是这次采访的背景。不管你是不是同意他说的话,他无疑是一个让你赞叹的人物。这是秋天的早晨,他的花园里到处是盛开的玫瑰,寺院里传来长长的低音号角声,招呼信众去祈祷。他的嗓音却像铃声一般,他有非常友好的笑声。”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇的达赖喇嘛印象</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇笔下的达赖喇嘛印象是我们今天很难得读到的第一手生动描述。她说,达赖喇嘛是一个和很多人一样的年轻人。“给他穿上一条蓝色牛仔裤和一件体恤衫,你就会以为他是一个耶鲁大学学生,甚至会以为他是一个喊着反战口号的嬉皮士。他没有表现得僧人的神态,虽然身披袈裟。绛红色袈裟裹着他的瘦高身材。按照传统,他剃着光头。他的面容沉静,我几乎可以说是难以揣测。但是在他的金丝眼镜后面,他的褐色双眼极其聪慧,极其欢快。他坐在一把木头椅子上,就像坐在镶嵌着宝石的王位上。”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇继续解释:“我们在达兰萨拉的一栋简单房子里,那是康加拉地区的一个小镇。周围的绿色森林是喜马拉雅山的一部分。在我们北边是中国,再往东是苏联。风景和西藏相似,但我们是在印度。西藏就在那边,在蓝色冰川的另一边,这位年轻人十年前被中国共产党人追逐着,翻越而过,经历了耻辱和失败,病痛和饥饿。他是一个活佛,一个国王,是被整个民族爱戴的神童,他们在他面前弯腰鞠躬,以头触地。他是最后的达赖喇嘛,是一段正在死去而没有复活希望的神话的最后篇章。我满怀疑虑地听他说话,非常震惊。”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇两次用了这个词:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">shocked</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(震惊)。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇说:“他没有希望返回西藏,他被过去的时代持为囚徒,那个时代在无情地绞杀他。在他小小的天地里,一切都和以往一样:天天是同样的仪式,同样的传统,同样的服从神谕。可是,非常神奇的是,他又是我们这个时代的同代人:摩登、自由派、和我们有同样的问题、同样的需求、犯同样的错误。他梦想着摩天大楼,想要去月球;他把西藏的不幸比作捷克斯洛伐克的处境;他谈论马克思主义。他完全摆脱了一切神经衰弱,他毫无畏惧,他不受任何思想和趣味的奴役。是什么带给他这样的改变?是什么?那显然不是因为他和毛泽东的会面,不是因为他们之间的历史渊源。那也不是因为他曾两次出席世界素食者大会。不是美国的杂志和无线电广播改变了他,因为他的英语相当有限。是不是因为他在布达拉宫里经受的精神压力,那种非常人能忍受的习经,打开了他的头脑使之能够做出种种选择?也许。但是我相信,真正的原因在于:每个重大历史关头在空中形成了那种不可名状的东西,会像花粉一样随风而去。你永远不知道风所携带的种子在何处落地,它甚至可能落在一个封闭社会的王宫里,落在一个转世灵童的头上。”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛谈社会变革和共产主义</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇的第一个问题就非常尖锐:“陛下,如果有什么奇迹,或不可知的政治动荡,使得您可以返回西藏并在那儿生活,就像今天一样,您是不是同意去统治一个共产主义国家?”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛回答</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:“这要顺其自然。如果我去阻止事物发展的进程,那我将是一个什么领袖?有人喜欢抽烟,有人不喜欢抽烟,我不喜欢抽烟并不意味着我要对抗那些喜欢的人。在共产主义意识形态下长大的藏人,我是不是因此而要否定他们?我一点不担心西藏的共产主义。共产主义只有在为帝国主义服务的时候才变得恶毒,就像中国的共产主义。所以,西藏的敌人是中国共产主义掩盖着的中国帝国主义。中国始终想征服西藏。今天在中国和西藏之间发生的只是重复了历史上一直在发生的事情。所以,我不是要挑起藏人反共产主义,而是要保持一种民族身份意识:提醒人们,他们可以是共产主义者,但是他们不能忘记他们是藏人,最重要的是,他们是藏人。”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,我没想到您会这样回答。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我只能这样回答。我这个人属于自己的时代,不是属于过去的化石。我是一个爱好所有革命思想的人,我始终赞成革新。中国共产党人制造了核武器,这是一件坏事。它要征服世界,这是一件坏事。它并没有给民众带来利益,这是一件坏事。可是,尽管有所有这些坏事,它也取得了一些成就。即使是在西藏。要记住过去西藏不存在民主,或者说民主只存在于寺院系统内部,那就是一个男孩可以来自于任何社会阶级却达到非常重要的位置。别忘了我是农民的儿子。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您是一直给关在布达拉宫里面的,您怎么会知道这一切的?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:不管怎么说,我了解这一切,因为我是一个聪明孩子,后来成为一个聪明的年轻人。每个达赖喇嘛都是在追求智慧中长大的,我很早就找到了我的智慧,用智慧来看待和理解世界。布达拉宫里的佛堂和房间里塞满了无用的贵重物品,就像有钱人家的房子,我的人民却在遭受收税人的盘剥。我当然知道。我不需要中国人来干预了才知道要改革。即使在中国人突然袭击我们之前,我就在展开一场社会革命。但那是一场好的革命,很适合西藏,适合我们的历史和我们的宗教的革命,不是中国革命的廉价拷贝。对我们来说,中国人从来不是带来革命思想的人,他们从来就是征服者,就是这么简单明了。我开始至关紧要的改革时,是十六岁。有整整九年时间,我向中国人争取,试图向他们解释我们想照着我们的改革路子走,而不是北京的路子。但是对他们来说,“革命”只不过一个词而已。他们想要让我们变成中国的一块殖民地,如此而已。我甚至向毛泽东解释这些。我想他明白。但是他的将军们并没有兴趣传播马克思主义哲学。他的将军们感兴趣的是控制。就是他们这种控制引发了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的反抗。这是一种民众的反抗,不是资产阶级的反抗。那就像一群被捂在毯子下面的昆虫逃出来去叮捂住毯子的人。外界不知道这些,因为外界并不关心作为真实存在的西藏,他们把西藏看成某种童话仙境:它的宝藏,它的仪仗,它的达赖喇嘛。外界没有认识到,今天,如果机会出现,共产党统治下的西藏将起而反抗中国。那多少就像捷克斯洛伐克等东欧国家发生的事情一样。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您对共产主义是怎么看的?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我得说,我发现它有点意思。我欣赏马克思主义内在的负罪感,它想把不公正揭示出来的愿望。为了要在你手上切一刀而治病,你的身体首先必须知道这一刀,否则,你怎么会照顾伤口,帮助它痊愈?但是我必须说明,我也赞赏资本主义的很多方面。在很多国家,资本主义已经带来了无可否认的经济进步,并且已经采取了很多步骤来走向公平,你只要看看美国。还有,经济中的竞争必须存在,而在共产主义之下本质上这是不可能的。事实是,今天用共产主义还是反共产主义,资本主义还是反资本主义来思考问题是没用的。应该是思考一种解决方案,它能最好地适合特定经济、特定历史和文化条件下的人民。有些国家,比如美国,在那里我相信共产主义是不可行的,无效的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛谈毛泽东</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您怎么看毛泽东?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:在西藏被占领后,我到中国去,和他谈过几次。他教给我很多东西。你必须理解,尽管我有早熟的智慧,我却并不知道我的国家之外发生了什么。外界新闻传到拉萨很慢很少。我的经师们知道第二次世界大战是在它发生相当一段时间之后。他们是从一份老的印度报纸上知道的。当我打开世界地图,我一点不知道我的手指点到的国家里生活是什么样的。对我来说它们只是一些地理上的图像:一个树叶状的国家,一个鱼状的国家,一个龙形的国家,等等。我一点不知道那些正在震撼他们、曾经造就他们的那些思想。我只能通过佛教来分辨对和错,我仍然相信佛教是我理性推理的依据。通过和毛泽东的谈话,我能够将佛教和共产主义加以比较。现在,依我来看,佛教在意识形态上比共产主义更进一步。根据佛教和共产主义理论,物质现实决定了一切。但是物质现实又是怎么来的?是神创造的?不,当然不是,是人创造的,是人的劳动创造的。到这一点为止,佛教和共产主义是一致的。但是过了这一点,佛教更进了一步。因为佛教解释说人是通过心智而创造了现实,佛教也给出了心智存在的原因。这个原因就是起源说,也就是神的起源。毛泽东和我长时间地讨论这个问题。事实是,当我达到我刚才给你说明的结论时,我们就开始争吵起来,因为我说:是的,你是对的,这些都对,都正确,但是,人不是神,而神是存在的。而他说:不对,神不存在。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我能想象这些是很有趣的讨论,陛下。有关毛泽东您还能告诉我们什么?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:任何人会见过毛泽东就不可能会感到无动于衷。外表上我不知道怎么来形容他:他总是穿着旧的鞋子,穿着其他人一样的制服。他呼吸沉重,总是喘不过气来;他不健康。除此之外,他还不停地抽烟,讲话时也抽。一根接着一根,从头抽到尾。他说话很慢,很平,字斟句酌。他从不说蠢话。他有一种伤感,经常有点古怪行为。有一次他突然来看我,告诉我说佛教是一种好的宗教;说佛陀虽然是一个王子,但是做了很多事来改善穷人。然后,他就像突然来到一样,突然地走了。他对我始终温和亲切。例如,有一次他对我说宗教是大众的鸦片,因为它妨碍进步。很快地他意识到这种说法伤害了我,他就拍拍我的肩膀,要我保重身体。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您是不是无法把他视为敌人?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:是的。作为一名佛教徒而言,我不能接受敌人这个词。但是作为一名藏人来说</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">……</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很可能今天的敌人仍然是明天的敌人。我因为毛泽东而遭受苦难,我的人民经受的苦难更为深重。但是这并不意味着他们没有能力忘记这一切。毛泽东既不精明也不圆滑。我告诉他,他的将军们在西藏都干了些什么,他明白。也许他不能阻止他们。也许他自己也变了。我无法把我认识的毛泽东和今天的毛泽东视为同一个人。他一定是被某种疯狂,某种病变所控制了。比如说,文化大革命。名字很好听,但是毫无实质,这是一个老人的痴呆症。我没法设想他在这种痴呆症之中。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛看周恩来</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您在中国还见过其他一些领袖人物。他们也对你有这样的影响吗?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:没有,肯定没有。比如说,我从不喜欢周恩来。他这个人太精明了。你可以从他的眼睛里看出来,他的眼睛一直在动,一直在看,什么都看在眼里。他是非常聪明的人,但那是一种危险的聪明。赫鲁晓夫要好一点。赫鲁晓夫就像一头巨大的猪。他的动作,他的呼吸,就像一头猪。但那是一头聪明的猪,礼貌而和气。我相信我跟赫鲁晓夫可以交朋友,但是不能跟周恩来交朋友。其他共产党人中,我只见过一个人跟他一样可憎:布尔加宁。正是因为像他那样的人,使得我的中国之行如此困难。我到那里去是去为西藏求情,为此我在那里待了一年。在那一年里我始终没能和我想见的人说话。我想跟俄国人说说,因为我知道他们有可能帮助我。但是我的打算始终没能实现。有一次我设法安排了跟俄国大使会面,却在最后一分钟被取消了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛看美国</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:您怎么看美国人,陛下?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我对美国人的了解不如我对俄国人和中国人。我只见过很少的美国人。就个人而言,他们看来都很诚实,礼貌,摩登。但是就整体而言,我的意思是在政治上,他们显得非常保守。看上去在政治上他们一点都没有应用他们的诚实和摩登。也许为了更好地判断他们,我应该到美国去看看。不管怎么说,我对美国很好奇。你到处听到人们在谈论这个美国,你到处能读到这个美国,美国无所不在,即使是在这大山里,这里每个人的穿着就像一千年前一样。美国就像一只钻到你袈裟里面的蚊子,叮咬你,招惹你,直到你把它找出来。美国让这个世界为之癫狂,令人无法忽略。但是美国让我着迷的地方不是意识形态。我的意思是,就深刻的思想而言,我不觉得美国能给我很多东西。我的兴趣是那些有形的东西。我对美国的技术非常感兴趣,美国的汽车,美国人的登月。当你想到月球,你不会想到俄国,你想到的是美国。我愿意付出一切到月球上去。不是为了探险,在月球上行走,而是为能驾驶飞船那种纯粹的快乐。我非常喜欢汽车。如果我能选择一个职业,我会选择当一个技术员,最好是机械师。我总是想着这个念头,从孩提时代就这么想。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛看僧侣生活和流亡</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您是否为您是一个流亡的国王,一个被废黜的教皇,一个僧人,而曾经感到不快和愤怒?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:没有,因为除了机械师以外,我不能想象自己还有什么别的生存方式。我的一生一直是,现在还是,由在我之前的别人为我铺下的道路所决定的,即使我想,我也不能、也不会摆脱这条道路。确实,不是我自己选择了这样的人生,那是当我只有两岁的时候就加之于我的。但是我对此没有感到恼怒。你看,当我想到我是被强行从我的母亲和我的兄弟姐妹那里带走,被放置到那个铺着垫子的王位上,像个老人一样行动,我经常会试图回想我小时候的感觉。但是我的记忆里没有一刻的愤怒。也许是因为我的记忆只是在青少年时期才变得清晰。而当我成年之后,任何可能有的孩子气的愤怒都已经消失,因为那时候我成为一个僧人已经有相当一段时间了。我不能想象我不是一个僧人会怎样。一言以蔽之,我满足于做个僧人。我现在依然如此,虽然我的心智尚未达到完全纯粹。既然我已经抛开了疑虑、欲望,那么寺院生活对我来说并不算是个牺牲。当然,它对我有一些约束,但是作为交换,也给了我精神上的平和,这是别人所没有也找不到的。它也让我摆脱了很多恐惧,比如对死亡的恐惧。人们是那么地害怕死亡。我不怕,因为我知道死亡不过是从一个躯体转换到另一个躯体。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,您真的相信您是前世达赖喇嘛的转世吗?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:你要么相信转世,要么不相信。转世无法证明,这是一个信仰行为。我知道,这听起来好像不合潮流,因为我是一个现代人,而大家认为现代人不应该相信转世。但是我是完全彻底地相信它,就像我相信生命和死亡。这对我并不神秘。说到这里,我要补充一些话,也许会让你吃惊:我并不确信我是第十三世达赖喇嘛的转世。或者说,我并不一定是。也许我是其他某个喇嘛的转世,或者是一个农民的转世。但是这有什么不同呢?那不是也很好吗?我们相信民主还是不相信?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:陛下,我有最后一个问题。当您去世以后,他们会怎么选择您的接班人?在今天的西藏,是不是有可能去找到一个小孩,他出生在您去世的时候,而他就是那个活佛?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:很明显,这将是不可能做到的事。中国人摧毁了我们的寺庙,杀死了我们的僧人,取缔了我们的宗教。连使用念珠也被禁止。能够逃跑的僧人现在分散在印度、尼泊尔、锡金各地。而且,即使他们回去,新一代人也不再相信了。当我死去的时候,没人能出去寻找在另一个躯体中的我了。不过,这问题并不急迫,我现在只有三十三岁,还想在现在这个身体里待很长一段时间。当这个问题出现的时候,要耐心。完全有可能我将会成为最后的达赖喇嘛。耐心点。那也不会是任何人的悲剧。你可以放心这个世界不会为此哭哭啼啼,也不会为此而受苦。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">后记</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这次采访发生在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1968</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,整整五十年前。那是全世界沸腾的岁月:中国正在文革,民众武斗还没停止,中国共产党人还在自相残杀;美国陷入越战,国内反战的抗议不断,哥伦比亚大学生占领了校园,黑人民权运动风起云涌;巴黎有红五月运动,大学生筑起了街垒,似乎回到了法兰西大革命的年代。世界好像已经忘记了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">33</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">岁的达赖喇嘛和追随他的流亡藏人。那时候全世界的报纸上不再有“西藏问题”,好像西藏不再是个问题了。藏区的寺院已经遭受了第二遍摧毁,喇嘛四散,遭受镇压和奴役的藏人堕入了苦难的深渊。西藏的前途在什么地方?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法拉奇的这次采访,让我们有机会一瞥那个时候达赖喇嘛的精神状态。在藏传佛教中,达赖喇嘛是慈悲和智慧的象征。在常人看来毫无希望的时候,达赖喇嘛从来没有失去希望,从来没有陷入沮丧、绝望和仇恨。如果我们回溯此后五十年达赖喇嘛和藏人走过的路,不管你是什么人,你都不得不承认,达赖喇嘛做到了任何人都做不到的事。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在采访中,意大利记者法拉奇称呼达赖喇嘛为</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Holiness</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,这是一个只有对天主教教宗等最高宗教领袖才使用的尊称,汉语中通常翻译为“陛下”。现在,汉语文圈称呼达赖喇嘛为尊者,这是佛教中对佛祖弟子的尊称,是一个佛教称呼。但是五十年前,汉语文里和佛教信众中还没有这样来称呼达赖喇嘛。所以,在翻译上面的采访记录时,我仍然使用五十年前法拉奇使用这个词的本意,翻译为“陛下”。特此说明。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-66624642405755448722018-10-29T07:06:00.000-04:002018-10-29T07:06:19.274-04:00 丁一夫:半日见闻——记达赖喇嘛和全球青年领袖对话会<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2018</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年秋天,江琳和我在印度北部小镇达兰萨拉,等待出席旁听达赖喇嘛尊者和华人量子物理学家的对话会,这是我们从美国来到喜马拉雅山的主要目的。我们提前来到这儿,为了有足够时间调整时差,有良好的开会状态。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">24</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日晚上,我接到一个电话,应尊者办公室的安排,我们可以列席旁听第二天上午达赖喇嘛尊者和全球青年领袖的年度对话。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">达赖喇嘛和全球青年领袖的对话活动是由美国和平研究所(</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">USIP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)举办的,参加这次对话会的青年全部来自于</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">冲突国家和地区</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,如叙利亚、索马里、伊拉克、阿富汗、苏丹、利比亚、南非、缅甸、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚等等十二个国家,二十七名青年人除三人之外,都生活在本国的冲突地区。这些地方都有长期冲突历史,其原因有复杂而深刻的宗教、种族、经济、文化、及国际关系等因素。这些国家的未来,决定了地球这个小小行星上生活的所有人的未来。未来是属于青年人的,这些国家的青年是什么状态,他们在想什么,我们生活在这些地区之外的人,大多是知其一而不知其二。所以,能够列席旁听他们和达赖喇嘛的对话,是一个非常难得的机会。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日早晨,我们如约在八点正来到达赖喇嘛府邸大门口。根据以往经验,通过安检需要时间,但是这天的安检特别严格。手机、相机、录音机都在门卫处扣留了下来,出门时再领回。我们应境内朋友之托恭请达赖喇嘛加持的佛教用品如念珠、手串、唐卡等物,以往都能带进去的,这次也一律扣下,门卫说将集中起来统一送呈达赖喇嘛尊者,请尊者加持。然后是经过了两道安检,一道是尊者身边藏人方面的安检,再一道是印度方面的安检。两道安检都非常认真仔细,口袋里的所有东西都掏出来检查过,书籍笔记本都翻开看过,钢笔都在手上写字试过。但是安检时的气氛却一如既往地友好,我看到参加对话的青年男女都盛装穿戴,有一种节日的欢快气氛。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">对话会的会场是一个大厅,我们以前因参加达赖喇嘛和西方科学家的对话来过几次,熟悉这个环境。这次会议人数不多,加上</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">USIP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的工作人员和达赖喇嘛身边的工作人员,大概三十来个人,只占用了大厅的一半。大厅正面墙上是一幅非常精美的佛祖释迦摩尼的画像,画像下供奉着一排鲜花。正面两个沙发椅,是达赖喇嘛尊者和</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">USIP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">主持人的座位,有两张低矮的桌子并排放在中央,围绕着的是几排椅子,参加对话的全球青年领袖们围绕着尊者的座位就座。尊者身边的工作人员和安保人员则都静悄悄地站在远处。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">玻璃门外绛红色袈裟一闪,达赖喇嘛来了,大家都起立。我们俩正对着慢慢走来的尊者,连忙合十致礼。我们是仅有的汉人,尊者一眼就看到了我们,大声给我们打招呼,用汉语说</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">你好!你好!</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">随后和前排来自世界各地的青年男女握手。有一位少女一头非常特别的蓬松长发,尊者一边跟她握手,一边拉拉她的长发,跟她开玩笑,引得大家一阵欢快的哄笑。然后,尊者大声招呼大家就座。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">主持人是</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">USIP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的一位女士。她在简单的开场白后,按照预定的顺序,让前排的青年人向尊者提问。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我还记得第一个问题。一位来自委内瑞拉的年轻女士说,有些国家长期战乱,很多人被迫出走,流离失所,成为战争难民。她自己则和很多人一样,被迫离开自己的国家。我们知道尊者十几岁的时候,西藏就被中国军队占领,就失去了自由。尊者历来教导我们,只有自身内心和平才能获得真正的快乐。可是,失去自由的人还能保持内心和平吗?</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这真是一个很难回答的问题。我看到尊者脸上有一瞬间笑容消失,显出了非常沉痛哀伤的表情。有那么几秒钟,他沉默不语,眼睛似乎在看着远方。然后,他没有直接回答提问,而是慢慢地开始回顾自己的经历,七十年前西藏被中国军队占领,六十年前他被迫出走,流亡印度。在印度的近六十年流亡生涯中,藏人做出了怎样的努力,为保存自己的文化而绝地求生。他用这样的经历,让提问者从中得出自己的答案。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这一段历史,我们在最近十年的阅读和研究中已经非常熟悉,再一次听尊者回顾历史,仍然有惊涛骇浪之感。尊者提到了早期和中共领导人的交往,毛泽东、周恩来、彭德怀等等,他一一提到这些人给他留下的记忆。这些人是当代史上西藏苦难的始作俑者,但是尊者从不做负面评论,而只是就事论事地回忆当年的经历。他简单地讲述了</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月拉萨事件的经过,他为什么要决定出走。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尊者说,回顾七十年的经历,每当遇到艰难困苦的时候,需要做出困难的决策。在做出决定之前,首先自己要思考,思前想后,思考透彻,然后要请教和询问别人,包括请教最底层的人(印度文化中常叫他们</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">sweeper</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,扫地的人),但是一旦做出了决定,就毫不犹豫地去做,不管发生什么,不管有多么困难。尊者说,任何行动都要符合现实,有现实性。如果你的决定不现实,那么不管你的动机多么诚挚,不符合现实的行动仍然不会得到预期的结果。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">有一位来自叙利亚的青年长期来从事战争地区儿童保护工作,还有一位来自利比亚的少数族裔青年,诉说了本族民众遭遇到的压制和迫害,他们都想请教尊者,应该怎么办?尊者回顾流亡初期来到印度,尼赫鲁总理告诉尊者,只是一味地在国际上提出西藏问题是没有用的,美国等西方国家不会出面</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">解放西藏</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。要保存和保护西藏文化的最好办法,是教育藏人的下一代,是展开教育。西藏有自己的语言和文字,所以尊者向印度总理提出,藏人要办自己的学校,藏人的孩子要集中在藏人学校里接受教育,为的是保存西藏语言和文化。他指出,受压制民族保护自己文化的主要方式是教育。他还说,有效的方法应该是现实的方法,而找到现实的方法并采取现实的方法,也需要通过教育。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尊者提到了新疆的严重局面,非常沉重。他回忆起他和热比娅的会面,他向热比娅解释了为什么藏人要采取中间道路的方针。热比娅在和尊者深谈后表示,她理解和赞赏藏人的中间道路方针,表示维吾尔人也应该这样,不诉求独立,而是争取真正的自治。尊者开玩笑地说,中国政府因为我会见热比娅而谴责我,其实我是帮了他们的忙。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在茶休后重新开会的时候,一位穿红色运动衣的青年拿着一个小包请尊者加持。尊者取过小包,按佛教仪轨予以加持,然后问他来自哪里,答曰来自缅甸。尊者问你是佛教徒吗?回答说不是,他是穆斯林。尊者说,他对缅甸发生的事情,即信奉伊斯兰教的少数族裔受到迫害,感到非常难过。尊者说,他的穆斯林朋友说过,任何来自穆斯林社区的人,一旦犯下恐怖主义暴行,他就不再是真正的穆斯林。同样,佛教徒如果犯下了恐怖主义暴行,那就不再是真正的佛教徒。尊者明确地谴责以佛教的名义犯下恐怖主义暴行。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我坐在后排,看着青年领袖们和达赖喇嘛尊者的问答互动。这些年轻人,平均年龄</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">岁,最年轻的才</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">19</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">岁,个个英气勃发。他们轮流提问,按预定的规则,都要介绍自己的姓名,来自什么国家。每个人都有一些惨痛的经历。看得出来他们的问题都有所准备,提问都十分到位。他们中有些人的英语有明显的地方口音,但是都十分流利,这可能是因为他们的国家都有过殖民时代的历史。他们个个彬彬有礼,语言举止和表情都非常得体,非常有教养,情绪专注而高昂。这些青年精英是未来的世界领袖。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">看到这些我习惯上可以称之为</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">孩子们</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的年轻人,我忍不住想到,我在他们这个年纪的时候,正在东北小兴安岭插队务农。我年轻的时候也感觉自己朝气蓬勃,但是对自己教养不足、知识缺陷、眼界狭小、浑浑噩噩的状态毫不自觉。我们年轻的时候,以及我们现在的中国人,最大的问题是,我们一直是关起门来自高自大,一点不知道世界是那么大。我们年轻人的教育不是面向世界的,而是面向脚下的;不是面向未来的,而是面向眼前的。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">茶休的时候,尊者身边的僧人,即南捷扎仓的喇嘛,为大家准备了咖啡、奶茶、热水、蛋糕和小饼干,摆开在大厅另一端的长条桌上。尊者仍然坐在自己的座位上。青年领袖们不一会儿就又围聚到尊者身边,年纪小的女孩子就坐在尊者脚前的地板上,后面的半跪着,再后面的坐在椅子上,最外围的站在椅子后。这样所有人就紧紧地围成了一个圆圈,圆圈的顶端就是尊者的位子。大家继续不断地向尊者提问,这些都是原定议程里没有的问题。尊者兴致勃勃地回答。我想,下半场的对话如果干脆就用这个</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">setting</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">其实比正襟危坐的正式会场更好。可是会议有预定的议程安排,主持人招呼大家回到各自的座位。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">等到所有议程走过一遍,主持人按惯例向所有为这次会议而付出财力、精力、时间的各方人士一一致谢,会议就结束了。午餐时间已到。南捷寺的僧人在长条桌上摆好了食物,自助素餐。喇嘛们先给每个人送上了一小碗汤,非常鲜美,我喝起来觉得像鸡汤,明知道不可能是鸡汤,一定是某种素食汤。然后,大家等达赖喇嘛尊者站起来,第一个取食物,所有人在尊者后面排队取食。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">吃饭的时间也是大家互相交流和结交朋友的时间,有些人坐着,有些人站着,三三两两。年轻人吃得快,一些人快快吃完了的,手拉手围成一圈,跳起舞来。这些来自冲突地区的青年,大多是来自中东地区,虽然宗教、种族和文化背景多元,但是文化上又多有重叠,有很多风俗习惯其实很接近。男女青年在一起,很快就打成一片。这正如尊者多次说过的,不同种族和宗教背景下的小孩子其实一点没有顾忌,他们一会儿就能玩在一起。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">不一会儿,我发现这些年轻人又都围在达赖喇嘛身边了,而尊者的午餐刚吃了一半。青年领袖们又开始向尊者提问,尊者咬一口饼子回答一个问题,吃一口饭回答一个问题,不慌不忙,兴致勃勃。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我以前见过好多次达赖喇嘛和年轻人在一起。达赖喇嘛喜欢和年轻人在一起,他没有世界名人的架子,喜欢开玩笑。年轻人也喜欢在达赖喇嘛身边,因为谁都知道,不是谁都有机会在达赖喇嘛身边的。可是,我从来没有看到过现在这个景象。对于熟悉东方文化的人来说,达赖喇嘛是一个</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Holyman</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,是至高无上的领袖,尤其是藏人,在尊者面前是绝对不敢如此随便的。藏人在尊者面前的身体语言有深厚的民族文化寓意。可是这些未来的世界领袖们显然没有这样的顾忌,他们更自然更随便,而尊者显然也更喜欢这样平等而随便的气氛,尽管会议已经结束,他却一点没有急着离开的意思。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尊者边吃边谈,嘴角沾了一星米粒。坐在他脚下地板上的女孩从小茶几上拿了一张纸餐巾,展开,一声不吭地递到尊者手边。尊者若无其事地拿过餐巾,很自然地擦了一下嘴,一点没有中断说话。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">他脚下还有一个黑人女孩,眼睛明亮,笑容满面,一直抬着头,仰视着尊者。她表情生动,却始终一声没吭。过了一会儿,她大概觉得这样围着尊者,妨碍尊者吃饭了,就做了一个起身欲离开的动作。尊者摆手连声示意,</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">no, no, no, you stay, don’t leave. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">显然达赖喇嘛非常喜欢这样的氛围。他注意到了这个女孩,眼睛里闪过了尊者一贯喜欢开玩笑的快乐表情。他在甜点盘子里拿起一块西瓜,像喂婴孩吃东西一样,小心翼翼地送到这黑人女孩的嘴里。大家都轻声笑了起来。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我在想,大概这黑人女孩不知道,这要是藏人,该是多大的福报!</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我还记得这时有人提出的一个问题:尊者您认为学校里应该不应该教宗教?</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">宗教问题是这次青年领袖和达赖喇嘛对话的重要话题,他们来自的冲突地区,主要的冲突缘由是宗教问题。达赖喇嘛在会上一再说,世界所有主流宗教的价值都是和平、爱、和慈悲。世界上有各种不同的宗教,我们不能认为有哪个宗教比其他宗教好,有哪个宗教能够解决世界上的所有问题。尊者说,我一再说过,佛教不能解决世界上的一切问题,不可能所有人都信仰佛教。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "等线","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">现在,面对年轻人提出的直截了当的问题,尊者回答说,学校里不是不可以教宗教内容,但是学校教育首先应该告诉学生,世界上有很多种不同宗教,没有哪个是最好的,可以代替所有其他宗教。然后,在这样的前提下,可以让学生学习某一个特定宗教的内容。</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-26050667917943838312018-10-29T01:09:00.002-04:002018-10-29T01:09:18.602-04:00丁一夫:达赖喇嘛尊者和华人量子物理学家举行对话<br />
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今天,印度北部喜馬拉雅山中的小鎮達蘭薩拉,大昭寺的入口牌樓上,金色的雙鹿法輪下,掛起了一個匾額,上面藏漢英三種文字告示,達賴喇嘛尊者和華人量子物理學家將于</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日至</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日在此舉行對話會。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這兒是達賴喇嘛的住地。達賴喇嘛</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年流亡印度,在新德里附近的山鎮穆蘇里短暫居住,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1960</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年就移駐達蘭薩拉,因為這是喜馬拉雅山南側的邊緣山區,氣候涼爽,適合習慣藏地高海拔生活的藏人難民生活。達賴喇嘛尊者在此居住已經五十幾年,他的居所(漢人習慣稱為法王府)在小鎮邊緣的密林中,住所大門外是藏人修建的大昭寺,供奉着原來供奉在拉薩、文革中慘遭毀壞、流亡藏人歷盡艱難復原的十一面千手千眼觀音像。這是藏民族最為聖潔的佛像之一。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流亡中的達賴喇嘛,除了帶領流亡藏人發展教育,保存和弘揚佛教文化,保留和改革藏人生活方式,展開民主制度的建設以外,還展開了一系列對外交流。他對西方科學非常感興趣,從流亡生活早期就不放棄一切機會,求教於西方科學家,和當代科學家展開一對一的對話。從八十年代末,受達賴喇嘛的感召,一些西方科學家組織了“心智與生命”研究所,成為達賴喇嘛和當代科學家對話的平台,定期舉行對話會,探討物賚和意識的本質,人類心智的本質和情緒的機制,怎樣通過控制自身情緒而獲得內在和平與快樂,等等。這樣的對話已經進行了三十多年,有幾百位當代西方科學家參加了這些對話。他们在對話後出版專著,給予對話會以極高的評價。</span></div>
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">達賴喇嘛多次指出,他和西方科學家的對話,是當代西方科學和東方傳統的佛教科學之間的對話。佛教的科學和哲理是對話的重要內容。藏人和漢人都是傳統的佛教民族,佛教在漢地和藏地的傳播盛行都有二千年的歷史。藏傳佛教和漢傳佛教有長久的交流歷史,有十分堅實和豐富的共同思想與精神基礎。而且,經過一百多年的現代化過程,華人的科學教育已經普及,全世界華人中已經有一大批世界級的出色科學家。所以,達賴喇嘛和當代華人科學家的對話,是水到渠成的事情。由於漢藏民族在文化上的久遠交流歷史,特別是都受到佛教文化的浸潤,達賴喇嘛尊者和當代華人科學家的對話,一定會有一些特別的東西是尊者和西方科學家對話所沒有的。這就是這次達賴喇嘛尊者和華人量子物理學家對話特別令人期待的原因。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參加這次對話會的華人量子物理學家有九位。</span></div>
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李遠哲是全球華人比較熟知的化学家。他是中央研究院院士、日本学士院名誉会员。曾任中央研究院院长(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1994-2006</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年),国际科学理事会会长(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2011-2016</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年)、名古屋大学高等研究院名誉会长。<br /></span></div>
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1967</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,李远哲去哈佛大学在赫施巴赫的指导下进行博士后研究。赫施巴赫让两位研究生跟随李远哲精巧的构想与设计工作,在短短不到两年的期间,由于李远哲全身心投入地工作,终于组装完成了世界上第一部交叉分子仪。拓展了交叉分子束法的应用范围,同时也在物理化学领域上,开拓了一个全新的研究领域。赫施巴赫后来还因此多次夸称李远哲为“物理化学界的莫札特”。<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1986</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,因首先以分子角度来研究化学反应的动力学而与达德利·赫施巴赫及约翰·波拉尼共获诺贝尔化学奖,是首位获得该奖的台湾人。他在這次對話會上講述“地球永續發展的挑戰與機遇”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">吳茂昆教授是超导物理学家,中央研究院院士,美国国家科学院外籍院士。曾任国立东华大学校长、行政院国家科学委员会主任委员、中央研究院物理研究所所长与教育部长等职。因其突破性的高温超导体研究,曾获得中华民国总统科学奖、美国国家航空航天局杰出贡献奖和马蒂亚斯奖,現為台灣中央研究院特聘研究員。他將講述“超導性,一種新的量子”。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳岳男為台灣成功大學特聘教授,他因量子信息科學方面的特殊貢獻而多次獲獎,如國家理論科學中心的年輕理論學者獎,李國鼎研究獎,科技部吳大猷先生紀念獎等等,他將講述的主題是“從量子物理學到量子生物學”。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">牟中原教授是台湾化学研究者、教育工作者,中央研究院院士,现任国立台湾大学化学系教授、教育部国立教育研究院筹备处《自然与生活科技领域部编本教科书》研发编辑委员会主任委员、行政院国家科学委员会副主任委员。他曾任亞太國際觸媒學會理事長。他的講述主題是“水,最不尋常的液體”。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">張綿福為美國杜克大學物理系教授,他的講述主題是“量子傳輸,線型疊加和非線性衍生”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">林尚佑教授,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年起擔任美國紐約</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Future-Chips Constellation and Physics Department Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的主要教授,目前研究領域為納米光子學,照明及通訊用光子晶體,非平衡熱排放和太陽能採集。他將在對話會上講解“現代光子革命,太陽、燈泡和以及光子晶片”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳啟東教授,從</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2007</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年起為台灣中央研究院院士,他將講解“糾纏的世界”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李世昌教授是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1970</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年台湾大专联考甲组榜首,国立台湾大学物理系毕业后取得普林斯顿大学物理博士。他是台湾重要物理学家,中央研究院院士、世界科学院院士。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中央研究院物理研究所李世昌和中山科学研究院荆溪暠共同成功研制出国际太空站的科学实验设备</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AMS-02</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中的电子系统,比现有航空设备快十倍以上。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在這次對話會上他將講解“時空的對稱性和量子物理”。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李定國教授為中央研究院院士,他將講解的主題是“具強作用電子之超導體的衍生對稱破缺現象”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參加這次對話會的華人物理學家陣容令人印象深刻。這是達賴喇嘛尊者第一次和全部由華人組成的當代科學家舉行對話,這既是東西方文化之間的對話,也是東方文化內部傳統和現代的對話。這是對話會的工作語言是英語。土登晉巴將擔任藏文翻譯,蔣揚仁欽先生將擔任現場中文翻譯,以方便全球華語聽眾。紐約城市大學夏明教授,現代藏史研究者李江琳,和獨立作家丁一夫將出席觀摩,並向讀者報導對話會。</span></div>
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<br />Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-28294238284603908502018-07-28T23:58:00.001-04:002018-08-01T12:44:56.546-04:00丁一夫:佛教科学和当代西方科学的平等对话<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">《智慧之海——达赖喇嘛和当代科学家的对话》一书是讲述尊者达赖喇嘛和数百位西方科学家深度对话,持续三十年的经过。有些朋友对它涉及的一些基本问题表示疑问,我将找机会谈谈我对这些问题的理解。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">他们谈的内容是什么?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛曾经说过,他和科学家对话,外界不应该看成是佛教和现代科学在对话,而是佛教科学和当代西方科学的对话。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">你可能会觉得难以理解,佛教怎么也有科学呢?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">当代科学是十六世纪科学革命后,特别是最近两百年发展出来的非常复杂高深的知识体系和研究方法,佛教怎么来对话呢?</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛解释说,佛教并不是一个简单的信仰。两千多年来,佛教积累了浩瀚的经典和修行方法,可以分为三个部分:一是佛教科学,二是佛教哲学,三是佛教信仰和修行。他和科学家的对话内容,是佛教科学和一部分佛教哲学和当代西方科学的对话。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">那么,佛教科学是什么,凭什么也可以自称为“科学”呢?</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛在回顾他流亡后和西方科学家接触的经历时,讲到了美国物理学家、科学史家和科学哲学家托马斯·库恩的《科学革命的结构》。科恩提出了科学进步就是“范式转移”的理论。“范式”(</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">paradigm</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,台湾读书界通常翻译为“典范”)这个概念的内涵是,每一个时期的科学,有一套基本概念、思想和方法。在每一个时期,符合这一范式的,就被认为是科学,否则就被认为不科学,是研究者的错误。当反常的结果积累到一定程度,就会引发范式的危机,产生新的概念、理论和方法来取代旧的范式,这就是科学革命。也就是说,每一个时期的所谓科学,不是永恒不变的,所谓科学或不科学,是在特定范式下说的。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">科学史上,离我们最近的,相对论和量子力学为代表的现代物理学,和牛顿伽利略时代的经典物理学,就是一次范式的转移。现代物理学是科学,经典物理学也是科学,只是在不同范式下而已。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">那么,在西方自文艺复兴开始的科学大发展之前,在一千年前,两千年前,人类有没有科学呢?从库恩的理论显然可以认为,科学是有的,只是在不同的范式之下。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛曾经在对话时指出,在佛陀创立佛教之前,印度的哲学家、思想家就在探索和讨论实在世界的本质问题,什么是物质,物质是由什么组成的,人的意识是怎么回事,意识的本质是什么。这些问题是各个历史时期科学的基本问题,也是当代科学仍然在寻找答案的基本问题。佛教的特点是,它不是有了佛陀就一劳永逸地恪守他的所有说法,它不是“一本经主义”。两千多年的时间里,一代一代的哲人在贡献新的想法,在辩论。佛教内部在辩论,佛教论师们还得和佛教之外的思想家(佛教称之为外道)辩论。辩论的目标是探索和寻找实在的本质。而这正是科学,是那个时代的科学,是东方文明背景中某种特定范式之下的科学。于是,佛教积累了浩瀚的经典文献,这些文献中保存着两千多年来东方文明的知识体系。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">佛教把人的精神世界看成一种第一性的存在,把探索和理解人的心智作为科学研究的重要领域,即所谓“内观科学”。佛教对人的内在精神世界的知识特别丰富复杂。正是在这一套知识体系的基础上,发展出佛教哲学和佛教特有的冥想修行方法和技术。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛特别推崇古印度佛教那兰陀寺的理性学术传统。那兰陀寺就是中世纪印度的一所规模宏大的大学,最盛时期有上万学生在那里探讨学问,传授知识。藏人把拉萨三大寺视为那兰陀寺伟大学术传统的保存者和继承者。藏传佛教组织严密,知识结构严谨,师授传承严格,其来源就在于印度佛教作为一种科学、一种知识体系之庞大。至今,藏传佛教寺院的主要功能是学校,藏人子弟在这样的学校里要学习十几年甚至二十几年才能学完基本课程,其中就包括千年佛教积累的抽象哲学、科学理论如天文学和实用技能如医学。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">可见,以“范式”作为一种对比和参照标准,佛教科学站在当代西方科学面前,无须自惭形秽。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">然而,根据托马斯·库恩的范式理论,在两个不同的范式之间,交流是非常困难的,因为不同的范式用的是不同的概念,不同的方法,不同的评估标准。现代科学从十六世纪科学革命开始,构建了一套严格的建立在经验实证主义基础上的科学规范,只接受符合这套规范的东西。不符合这套规范的东西,当代科学家就无法判断,只能回避或者拒绝探讨。比如佛教内观科学中,瑜伽冥想修行者的经验和修行效果,必须由修行者自己说出来,这样的“第一人称”的陈述,西方现代科学通常不能采用来作为科学证据。现代科学只承认可以重复的、来自于“第三人称”的陈述。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这种范式之间的壁垒,是佛教科学和西方现代科学交流的障碍。达赖喇嘛和现代科学家的对话,过去从没有人做过,这是一个原因。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">但是,达赖喇嘛经常用那兰陀寺佛教大师们接受“外道”思想家的挑战,和他们论战而促使佛教发展作为例子。达赖喇嘛经常说,你的对手是你最好的老师,因为他会促使你成长。障碍是可以克服的,克服障碍的过程就是互相了解和理解的过程。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛和西方科学家对话,其科学内容的范围主要是两大类:第一类是关于外部世界的,物理学和宇宙学,尤其是量子力学、相对论和关于宇宙起源的理论,以及由此引出的观察世界的方法论;第二类是关于人的心智的“内在科学”,包括情绪的分类和调整控制,冥想和大脑神经可塑性,人性的利他和慈悲心,以及意识的本质。达赖喇嘛在多年对话后指出,在有关外部物质世界的物理学和宇宙学方面,西方科学远胜于东方佛教科学。现代科学的发现、理论、实验仪器等等,为人类福祉做出了巨大的贡献,佛教应该向现代科学学习,来提高自己认识实在之本质的水平。另一方面,在有关人类心智的内观科学方面,佛教积累了大量知识,其复杂和精细远胜于西方心理学。在这一方面,佛教科学可以为当代神经科学提供合作研究的途径。事实上,进入二十一世纪后,达赖喇嘛和科学家的对话进入了合作研究的阶段,已经有一些合作项目取得了令人兴奋的成果。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">为什么当代科学家和达赖喇嘛对话?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">当代科学是在西方文化背景下发展出来的,当代科学实质上是西方科学。事实上,当代科学家大多是在西方的大学里获得教育和训练,取得</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">PhD</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,在西方的大学和科研机构工作,熟悉西方文化,有很多人是犹太</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">基督教文化下的宗教信仰者。基督教和西方科学有密切的关系。为什么这些科学家要和达赖喇嘛对话,而不就近找基督教人士对话呢?</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">在对话过程中,达赖喇嘛和参加对话的科学家、哲学家及科学史家回答了这个问题。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">在西方历史上,漫长的中世纪,基督教曾经统领一切,西方文化是在基督教修道院里得以保存和传承的,几乎所有有文化的人,包括科学家,都是基督徒。那个时代,科学没有从思辨性的哲学中分家,科学是哲学的一部分,科学家还不是一个独立的职业。如今叫做科学的发现和思想,那时叫做自然哲学。牛顿的伟大著作,就叫《自然哲学的数学原理》。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">西方文艺复兴后,哲学和科学渐渐脱离宗教,科学也和哲学分家,科学研究的实证性质使得从事科学的人渐渐成为一种独立的职业,出现了科学家的共同体。科学家的最高价值是发现,用新的发现来推翻旧的结论。科学家是质疑权威、质疑定论的人。这就和宗教信仰发生态度上的冲突。宗教要求的是信仰,是信仰之虔诚。宗教是不喜欢怀疑的,更不喜欢质疑和反对的态</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">度。历史上,科学家和教会发生过很多不愉快的冲突。伽利略的遭遇是一个典型。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">基督教有一个创世的神,整个信仰的结构和内容是在这个创世神的前提下展开的。信仰的要求是,神不能质疑,不能怀疑。所以,科学探索走到涉及实在之本质的时候,不和基督教信仰发生冲突的唯一办法是互相回避,“上帝的归上帝,凯撒的归凯撒”。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">但是,达赖喇嘛尊者说,佛教可以和当代科学家对话,因为我们佛教没有创世的神,佛祖是一个凡人释迦牟尼。佛教的任何信条和教义,是佛祖和后来的佛教大师们思考探索和辩论得出的“发现”,包括对外部世界和人的内在精神世界的“发现”,这些东西是可以怀疑,可以质疑的。连佛祖自己都说,他的话必须经过检验,是对的你才信,否则就别信。这种信仰基础和态度,与当代科学态度是一致的。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">所以,科学家和达赖喇嘛对话,没有信仰和教义上的障碍,大家持有的是相同的科学探讨和质疑的态度。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">他们在怎样的气氛下对话?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛和当代科学家对话,有些朋友听说后自然地产生忧虑:东方佛教面对如此先进发达的西方当代科学,是不是会处于一种“迎合”的地位;另一方面,也有西方学界人士担心,科学家面对藏传佛教的根本上师和精神领袖达赖喇嘛,是不是会过于谦恭而自贬身份?</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这两种担心是很自然的。但是,达赖喇嘛和当代科学家的对话,令人印象极其深刻的,恰恰就是对话时那种谦卑、互重和平等的气氛。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">三十多年前,当达赖喇嘛和西方科学家开始接触和对话的时候,尊者就以学生的态度,请科学家给他“一对一”地上课,他说那是佛教上师给他上课的方式,是他所熟悉的。另一方面,那些科学家,从一开始就对伟大的东方灵性传统持高度的尊重和折服态度。三十年来,对话的形式始终保持某种程度上“一对一”的方式。西藏传统上,达赖喇嘛和其他人的座位是有区别的,尊者的座位必须提高一些,以象征地位的尊崇,周围人的姿态和身体语言极具象征意义。但是在科学对话的时候,所有人的座椅都是同样的高度,围绕着矮桌,就像客厅里一样,刻意显示所有参与者的平等,在科学面前人人平等,在真理面前人人平等。这和凡是有达赖喇嘛参加的其他会议场合都不一样。科学家方面,发言之前面对达赖喇嘛的称呼,</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Your Holiness</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,又立即体现出会场上科学家们对精神领袖的极其尊重。</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">正是这种谦卑、平等、尊重的气氛,让我们观摩的人深深折服。东方佛教的伟大领袖,西方当代科学的一流专家,那是这个世界上最伟大的头脑,最伟大的心灵,就是在这样一种气氛中对话的,令我们旁观者如</span>Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-72425855183267094172018-03-29T22:05:00.000-04:002018-03-29T22:07:34.403-04:00第33届心智与生命研讨会第二天:课堂里的社会化和情绪学习与教育<br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig8-LR-vAazWutGvtcmOIV3wEIW0gLoYRtnWFvQZfLdCmdC9pXxCrOVRonlLsxcBQYH0y2ef8Pu9-iXNJErTH5UN7XfLUUnVG-QxPuYPcIwCxHTVWxWIK9e_o9UOwMZQJRcChgRkrnpI8/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig8-LR-vAazWutGvtcmOIV3wEIW0gLoYRtnWFvQZfLdCmdC9pXxCrOVRonlLsxcBQYH0y2ef8Pu9-iXNJErTH5UN7XfLUUnVG-QxPuYPcIwCxHTVWxWIK9e_o9UOwMZQJRcChgRkrnpI8/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">文/丁一夫 李江琳</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“社会化情绪学习”(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Social Emotional Learning, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">简称</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)是这次研讨会的重点内容。所谓“社会化”就是个人按照社会的伦理道德和普遍认可的文化规范来判断是非,做出决定,采取行动。社会化是个人在成长过程中获得的一种能力。一个人如果社会化程度不足,或者社会化能力有缺失,在生活中就会在人际关系方面发生种种冲突和问题,对他人和自己造成伤害。社会化程度不足经常表现为调节和控制情绪的能力不足。社会化和调节情绪的能力是需要学习的。这就是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">今天参与讨论的都是多年从事</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">研究和实践的教育专家,讨论的内容是在现代学校里,怎样把</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">引入课堂教学。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">第一个坐上热座的是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kimberly Schonert-Reichl</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。她自我介绍说,她原来是一个教师,而现在是一个科学家,研究和评估</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。通过</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">213</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">项、涉及</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">270,034</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">个学生的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">项目,得出了一些令人鼓舞的结论。统计数据表明,课堂上的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">课程能够显著提高学生调节自己的情绪,处理人际关系的能力。各国教育界越来越重视</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。现在有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">34</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">个国家在试点课堂上的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。例如,美国在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年只有三个州有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2017</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,一半以上的州在展开课堂</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">学习。新的教育课程中,儿童的核心技能要包括社会化情绪管理的能力。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">课堂上的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">还是一种新事物,仍然需要展开研究和评估。在加拿大,有上千教师得到了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">教育的训练,这些训练包括怎样带领学生打坐调息,学会倾听,学会减轻精神压力,尊重和善待他人。这方面的能力有利于提高学生的社会化能力。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">随后坐到热座上的是两位从事儿童</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">学习的女士,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sophie
Langri</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tara Wilkie</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,于是达赖喇嘛尊者旁边安放了两把椅子,她们一起向尊者讲述她们的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">实践。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">她们的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">项目是针对五岁儿童展开的,也就是要教五岁的小孩在课堂上学习怎样了解自己的情绪,调节情绪,处理和他人的关系。她们的项目可以细分为三个框架:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Me</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Us</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。即:我,你和我们。在第一个框架中,要教小孩认识自己的情绪,即自我认知,然后来自我调节;在第二个框架中,教儿童去认识他人,理解他人,去处理和他人的冲突;在第三个框架中,培养儿童负责任地做出决定的能力,让儿童理解自己和他人是互相依赖,互相联系的。这三个框架中,都有认知的部分,也都有行动的部分,也就是说,在改变儿童的认识后,要求儿童采取行动。通俗地讲,就是懂了以后就要去做。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这一套理论听起来很复杂,五岁儿童大多还不认字,他们能做到这些吗?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">专家们设计的课堂教学很有意思。例如,在第一个框架的自我认知和自我调节中,她们准备了一系列的小画片,上面是各种情绪表情的卡通画,让还不认字的五岁儿童从中找出自己此时的“我感到”。儿童会学习从中找出自己感到生气,感到伤心,感到快乐,诸如此类的卡片。然后,让儿童在另一套卡片中找出“我想要”的画片,比如我想要打人,我想要有人跟我一块儿玩,我想哭,等等。通过辨认卡片,让儿童学会辨认自己的情绪,辨认在相应情绪下自己的反应,然后渐渐学会调节这种反应。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">对年龄稍大的儿童,卡片上不再是图画,而是相应的词汇,比如愤怒、悲伤、孤独、悔恨等等,因为这时儿童已经有认字的能力,而通过认字来辨认自己的情绪,说明儿童有了一定的抽象能力,从“我感到”到“我想要”的辨认,就是一种理性能力。这种</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">学习,都包括专注力的训练,就是提高控制自己的注意力来辨认和控制情绪。这样的学习最终是为了养成学生建立健康人际关系的能力,即一种负责任的公民人格。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛表示很倾慕她们所做的努力,赞赏</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的研究和实践,他说,从认知</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Me</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(我)到认知</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(你)到认识</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Us</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(我们),教育和培养儿童获得这种认知能力是非常要紧的,人类需要这样的认知。达赖喇嘛说,当代世界有各种问题和困难,这些问题和人们的思维相关联。一个地方的人思维更成熟的话,问题就少一些,思维不成熟,问题就更多一些。他认为,眼下是全世界处于关键的时刻,亟需把这样的认知推广出去,让更多的人能够这样来认识问题,特别是在那些长期处于苦难中的地区。他说,我们的人生如果有友谊,如果我们生活在朋友中,生活在爱你的人中间,我们的生活就是快乐的。这对所有的地方所有的人都是一样。所以,我们要通过智慧来认识真相,认识事物的本质。而你们所做的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">教育实践,就是在儿童教育的层面上来回答这个世界的苦难问题。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛尊者的这番评论不仅富于哲理,也是有感而发。达赖喇嘛尊者失去家园流亡异乡已经半个多世纪,高龄的尊者一生大部分时间是在带领流亡藏人克服重重苦难。而这种从外部强加给藏人的苦难,究其根源是外部某些人的认知失误。而一旦人们有了认识事物本质的智慧,并且运用这种智慧认识了真相,认识了事物的本质,那就是藏人结束流亡苦难的时候。所以,达赖喇嘛在几十年的流亡生活中一直教导藏人不要失去希望。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛尊者在评论了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">后,突然给大家讲了一个例子,说起多年前他访问以色列的遭遇。在访问以色列的时候,以色列的犹太团体给尊者介绍了情况,后来,巴勒斯坦人也来给尊者介绍情况。他们讲的是同一个地方、同一个时间的现实,可是尊者发现他们的说法有巨大的不同。后来,尊者遇到了一个小团体,这个团体中有犹太人,也有巴勒斯坦人,可是这两边的人相处得十分和谐。尊者介绍说,我跟他们说,你们虽然很小,但是你们是希望的种子。以巴问题不是两个政体的问题,而是涉及很多很多人的生活的问题。既然你们必须共存,那就不如和睦共存。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">第三个坐到热座上的是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jennifer Knox</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,她是一位具有十八年教育经验的资深教师,在美国、欧洲、亚洲都有过教学经历。她是佐治亚州艾莫利大学社会、情绪、伦理学习(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)项目成员,也是设计编制该项目教材的核心人物。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jennifer
Knox</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">介绍了在美国南方佐治亚州一个有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2,600</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">学生(其中</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">49%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">是黑人学生)的学校里的社会化、情绪与伦理学习(简称</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEE</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)的教育项目。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knox</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">本人是从这个学校毕业的。她说,自己从事这个教育项目,在很大程度上是受了达赖喇嘛《超越宗教——一个完整世界的伦理》一书的影响和鼓励。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEE</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">项目就是要从儿童早期开始就学习认知自己、认知他人、认识人与人之间是互相依赖的,从而培养慈悲,获得调节和处理人际关系的能力。她认为,教育可以从培养学生个体的慈悲心,延伸到社区,把认知</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">慈悲</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">行动扩展到整个社会。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这时,达赖喇嘛插了一段评论。什么是慈悲?慈悲是不是只是牺牲自己?尊者说,慈悲也包括爱自己,爱护自己。所以,慈悲并不是绝对地排斥自私(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">selfish</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)的认知和行为。自私是任何生物的生存所必需的。但是,自私可以分为两种,一种是认识到他人是自己生存的条件,在帮助他人的同时通过助人也有利于自己,这种自私就是智慧的自私;另一种自私是只顾自己不顾别人,而在这过程中自己变得恼怒生气,伤害自己的内心,这种自私就是愚蠢的自私。我们要的是既爱自己也爱他人的智慧的自私。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">有关</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的演示和解说深具启发性,特别是对于我们这些没有接受过情绪教育的成年人来说,“情绪教育”、“情绪学习”、“情绪调控”、“情绪认知”、“情绪管理”等概念都相当新颖。事实上,儿童和青少年的“社会化情绪学习”在西方的教育界也是“新生事物”,目前仍在探索阶段,有许多领域尚待拓展和研究,对其正负两方面效果的研究也相当有限。听完上午的各种</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ESL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">课程介绍后,我们不约而同地想到一些问题。我们必须承认,现实世界远非完美,相对孩子们学校之外的世界来说,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">教育是否有点“理想化”?这些孩子长大后是否会丧失自我保护的能力?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">显然并非只有我们想到这些问题。很快就有人提出问题:这些为不同年龄段设计的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">项目都是在学校里,由受过专门训练的教师们进行的,学校的环境与课堂外的环境全然不同,孩子们在课堂里学会的各种技巧,是否有助于他们面对和处理真实世界的种种问题?是否需要同时教育他们的父母?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">教师们承认,课堂和学校的环境与家庭与社会不同,她们也想到过这些问题,并为此做过一些努力,其中包括为家长们举办“工作坊”。遗憾的是,家长们对“社会化情绪学习”兴趣不高,很难得到他们的配合。当然,家长们由于工作、家庭的压力,没时间参与,她们正在考虑在工作地点举办“午餐学习会”,利用部分午休时间来对家长们进行必要的训练,目前尚未施行。不过,一位老师说有的孩子回家会把自己学到的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">知识和技能传给父母,也有的孩子会运用课堂里学到的管理情绪的知识和技巧来化解自己与家人的冲突。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这一点让我想起尊者反复强调的一个观点:和平美好的社会从个人开始。有了快乐的人,才会有快乐的家庭,然后是快乐的社区,继而是快乐的社会。这一切,都要从一个个受过良好教育的人开始。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">下午的讨论中,尊者的英文翻译土登晋巴提出一个有趣的观察。他注意到,在印度的类似教育项目和美国的这些项目中,人们使用不同的词汇和概念。在印度,人们会谈论一些与伦理有关的概念,使用“伦理”、“美德”、利他等词汇,而在美国和加拿大,这些概念被忽略了,在课堂里使用的也是一套不同的词汇,如“康乐“(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">well being</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“好心”(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">goodness</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)等等,似乎人们有意回避这些概念。或许现在人们应当重新开始讨论“伦理“这一概念。他问科学家和教师们,现在是否已经可以公开讨论”伦理“的时候?对这个问题,教师们的回答有点摸棱两可。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">教育问题是当今世界的一个大问题。什么样的教育是好的教育?学生得到了什么教育,学到了什么,成为怎样的人,就是成功的教育?显然,教育不只是知识的传递,那么除此之外还有什么?教育的根本目的是什么?这些问题是全世界共有的。今天达赖喇嘛和科学家及教育界人士的对话,有助于我们思考这个问题。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">首发/纵览中国:http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=189944</span></span><br />
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-17955694614883266852018-03-25T09:23:00.000-04:002018-03-29T22:06:58.947-04:00第33届心智与生命研讨会第一天:幼儿期发展和社会情绪学习<br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">文/丁一夫</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">李江琳</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛和当代科学家多年的对话,有一个稳定的平台,那就是心智与生命对话会。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">日,第</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">33</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">届心智与生命对话会在印度达兰萨拉开始,为期五天。我们得到消息后,从美国赶往达兰萨拉,观摩达赖喇嘛和当代科学家的又一次对话。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">美国东北部刚经历了今年的又一场大雪,而三月的喜马拉雅山南麓阳光灿烂,气候温暖宜人。来自欧美和世界各地的科学家、教育与精神卫生专家,以及特邀的观摩嘉宾和慕名而来的旁听者,已经纷纷赶到达兰萨拉,使这个山区小城有一种节日的气氛。以往达赖喇嘛和科学家的对话如果在达兰萨拉举办,都是在达赖喇嘛住所(达兰萨拉的居民称其为“法王府”)的客厅举行,因为那是达赖喇嘛和科学家朋友们的私下对话。从</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2003</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年开始,这样的对话渐渐向公众开放,有时候在欧美的大学举行,或者在印度的藏传佛教寺院举行。这次对话会在法王府外面大昭寺(中文名为“大乘法苑”)的大经堂举行,这还是历史上第一次。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">大经堂正中是佛陀释迦穆尼的镀金佛像,达赖喇嘛和科学家的对话形式和以往一样,围坐在低矮的茶桌四周,观摩旁听的客人则坐在外围。可以坐三百来人的经堂排满了椅子。经堂外面的院子里也安放了椅子和坐垫,供公众旁听,同时可观看大屏幕上的对话现场直播。和以往一样,对话会的工作语言是英语,藏语现场翻译通过调频电台供藏人用收音机收听。这次对话会增加了现场汉语翻译,达赖喇嘛特地将蒋扬仁钦博士从台湾紧急召来担任汉语翻译,蒋扬博士前一天午夜才赶到达兰萨拉。汉语现场翻译也通过调频电台播放。对话会全程通过互联网直播。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这次对话会的题目是“</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reimagining Human Flourishing</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”,大致可以翻译为“重造人类的繁荣”,即用一种新的角度,新的思路来想像人类文明的未来。这个题目很广,但是五天的会议有具体的内容安排,这些内容却是很细节很深入的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">今天是对话会的第一天。第一天对话的题目是“幼儿期发展和社会情绪学习”。主持今天会议的是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kimberly Schonert-Reichl</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。她是加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学教育学院教授,同时也是该校医学院的“人类早期学习合作项目”的负责人。在此之前,她曾做过中学教师,并且在一所为“问题青少年“设立的高中任教。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和以往的对话会一样,主讲的科学家坐在达赖喇嘛旁边的椅子上,科学家们称其为“热座”(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hot Seat</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">),意思是和达赖喇嘛对话不是轻松的,需要全神贯注。第一个坐到热座上的,是具有国际声誉的著名神经科学家理查德·戴维森。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; line-height: 107%;"><span style="text-align: start;">理查德·戴维森和達賴喇嘛</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">戴维森一开始就指出,这次对话会是以往多年来科学家和达赖喇嘛对话的延续,他特别提到了心智与生命系列对话中五次相应话题的讨论:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年第五次对话会,有关利他心,伦理和慈悲心;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年第八次对话会,有关破坏性情绪;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2003</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MIT</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">举行的第十一次对话会,有关心智的探讨,佛教和生物行为科学之间对心智问题交换了意见;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年关于神经可塑性的第十二次对话会;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年关于教育培养二十一世纪世界公民的第十九次对话会。他从神经可塑性和大脑发育成长的角度提出了一个极其重要的基本问题,情绪和大脑的关系问题,情绪完全取决于大脑吗?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">以往三十年的科学对话形成的惯例,热座上的科学家面对达赖喇嘛讲解科学话题,其间希望达赖喇嘛随时提问和评论,对达赖喇嘛的提问与评论不限话题,也不限制时间。戴维森对以往几次对话会的回顾,引出了达赖喇嘛的一番感慨和评论。达赖喇嘛提到了当年发起心智与生命对话会的著名科学家弗朗西斯科·瓦瑞拉,提到瓦瑞拉不幸英年早逝,还提到了已经去世的科学家利文斯顿。他指出,自己虽然已经八十三岁了,但是我们对人类的福祉负有责任,我们不能无视当代世界的问题,这些问题是全人类共同的,比如全球气候变化,世界各地到处发生的宗教冲突等等。因应这些问题的思路建立在人类一体化的思想上。我们对解决这些问题持有希望,因为我们相信人类的天性是善良的,所以我们相信通过倡导和传播慈悲心与利他心,能够解决暴力无法解决的问题。他指出,不信任他人的人是不会幸福的。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">戴维森是达赖喇嘛的老朋友,达赖喇嘛的这一番评论很长,非常生动,时不时要开个玩笑,和大家一起哈哈大笑。我发现,每次对话会,与会者最喜欢听的就是达赖喇嘛这样无拘束的评论和提问。达赖喇嘛讲话的时候,全场鸦雀无声。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">理查德·戴维森讲到儿童心理学家和教育专家发现,儿童成长过程中的几个重要阶段,即敏感阶段,这些阶段极大地影响与决定了人的自我调节能力,智商,社会经济能力,乃至身体健康状况,以及心理疾患如严重抑郁的形成。</span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛插话指出,在印度,城市里自杀率比乡村更高,虽然城市里的物质生活水平相对农村要高得多。他说,这很可能是因为乡村有互助的传统,人和人之间有互相的支持,而现代城市里,人感觉自己只是一个巨大机器中的一部分。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14pt;"><br />理查德·戴维森引用美国国家精神卫生研究所的数据指出,美国在精神健康和精神疾患的医治方面投入了巨额财力,但是面对公共精神保健的需求只是杯水车薪。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">第二位坐到热座上的是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel Boivin</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel
Boivin</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">也是一位来自加拿大的学者。他是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Laval</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">大学心理学教授,专攻儿童发展、儿童心理失调等领域。他领导一项有关生理、心理和社会对儿童,特别是幼儿发展的研究。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">他介绍了他所从事的对大量儿童持续多年进行追踪观测的实证研究。这些研究证明,幼儿教育对人的行为和人格发展有重大的影响,儿童在很早期就确立了对其一生发展的预测,如人的社会化调整的能力,乃至于一生的健康状况都受早期发展的影响。这很像中国人俗话所说的,三岁看大,七岁看老。人类在千万年养育儿童的过程中,都会得出这样基本一致的结论。但是,西方科学没有在这个结论面前停步,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel Boivin </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">进一步提出,儿童早期发展的结果到底是什么因素在起作用?是人类基因的作用,还是儿童成长环境的作用?也就是说,儿童早期发展的结果,是先天的,还是后天的?</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这一结论引起了热烈讨论和质疑。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel Boivin</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">承认,基因</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">环境相互作用的方式是非常复杂的,这种相互作用的特点,他总结为</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">WIDE</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wide</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">but weak</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">; Interactive; Systemic (and
Sustained); Epigenetic</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。即,这种互相作用是广泛而微弱的,是互相的,是系统而持续的,是表征遗传学性质的。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">第三位坐到热座上的是丹尼尔·戈尔曼(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Daniel Goleman</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)。他是一位资深冥想者,也是一位著名作家,曾多次参加心智与生命研讨会并担任协调人。他讲述了儿童成长过程中,社会化学习和情绪学习对人生的影响,这种早期学习会影响人的自我认知,自我管理的技能,对社会的认知,负责任地决策的能力,人际关系处理的能力。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">他解释说,儿童在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">5-8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">岁期间就要学习区分情绪,学会带着情绪怎样行为,控制有害的冲动;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">9-11</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">岁要学习了解情绪和产生的原因,用可接受的方式来表达情绪,学会尊重他人;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">12-14</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">岁就要学会诚实,公正地做出决定的能力;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">14-15</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">岁就要学习个人责任和按照伦理来做出决定的能力;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">16-17</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">岁要学会根据伦理和推理来做决定。这些能力都应该在儿童早期就得到教育与培养,错过了这个时期,往往导致后来的问题。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛最后评论说,视力和听力等能力,动物和人一样,甚至有些动物的能力比人还要强很多,而人脑优于其他动物的能力,是知晓事物的本质。破坏性情绪的产生是基于事物的表面,基于对事物的表面经验,而控制情绪的能力,来自于对事物本质的把握。比如当代物理学中的量子力学就是对物理世界本质的更深入的认识。所以我们要把对自身情绪的掌控建立在理解事物本质的基础。</span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">按照心智与生命研讨会的惯例,下午是讨论时间。讨论分为两个部分,第一部分是与会科学家们之间的讨论、评论和提问;第二部分是现场听众向科学家们提问。现场听众约三分之一是僧侣,因此提问为僧、俗两边轮流进行。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">讨论开始之前,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel Boivin </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">教授介绍他所领导的两项研究中得到的结论:预防心理失调必须从幼年开始,并且持续一段时间。他再次强调,他的团队对双胞胎儿童社会化发展过程的研究显示,基因并不等于命运,在幼儿期社会化发展过程中,环境所起的作用比基因的作用更大。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">换言之,对于人的社会化和个性的形成,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">即使“先天不足”,也有可能通过改变成长环境来弥补。这就牵涉到本届研讨会的一个重要内容:社会化和情绪学习(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">social emotional learning, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">缩写</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEL</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">),即通过家庭和学校教育来学习社会交往,了解和管理情绪,以及相关技巧。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">科学家们的讨论中,提出一个有意思的问题。上午的演讲中多次提到婴、幼儿时期中“环境“对性格养成和行为方式的重要性,具体而言,”环境“指的是婴、幼儿所接触最多的人,即照料者和教育者,也就是他们的母亲和教师。研究发现,儿童与照顾者和教育者之间的情绪是互为影响的,比方说,一个筋疲力尽的教师,他的班级里的学生情绪也会低落。因此,对照顾者的关怀也很重要。这一点让我想到几年前在第</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">26</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">届讨论会中谈到对医护人员的关怀。无论是作为学生家长还是作为病人或病人家属,人们常常对他们寄予各种期望、提出许多要求,而忽略“对照料者的关怀”这一点。</span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">心智与生命研讨会不仅是科学家与达赖喇嘛之间的对话,也是东西方文化之间的交流。印度文化传统中,对人的心智和情绪发展有长达数千年的研究,然而,印度传统文化对这个领域的研究无论是理论还是方法,都属于一个完全不同的范式,这两种截然不同的范式怎样就某个具体概念进行交流,是相当有意思的。比方说,科学家们谈到的“基因”,印度学者和佛教僧侣们认为与“</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">karma</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”(业)这个概念很接近。当讨论进入这个角度,不可避免地回到此前数次研讨会中讨论过的“心智”(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mind</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)、”大脑”(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Brain</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)和”意识”(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">consciousness</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)的问题。可以说,佛教与西方科学对“意识”的不同理解是两方的根本分歧。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">听众提问时,一位印度学者作了一个有趣的评论。他说他很高兴看到科学家们终于把人的情绪发展推到幼儿期,甚至胎儿期,他认为这还不够,还应当推到更早。这位印度学者同时也是资深冥想修行者,他说自己曾在深度冥想中有过很多有趣的经验。他举了个例子:有人因肩痛向他求助,他在冥想中追溯到这人在出生时,医生抓住他的肩将他拉出产道,因此造成他对肩痛的记忆。可是这并没有解决该人肩痛的问题。更深的冥想中,他追溯到该人的前生,那时他是个士兵,被另一个士兵的长矛刺中肩部。此人得知此事后,肩痛的毛病不药而愈。他问担任达赖喇嘛尊者翻译的土登晋巴对此有何见解。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">土登晋巴曾受过多年佛学教育,获得格西学位。此后他在英国牛津大学学习,获得博士学位。对这个问题,土登晋巴笑道,如果尊者在这里,他很可能会说“</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This is a Buddhist business</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”—这是佛教的事儿。意思是说,“业”是佛教的领域,而非科学研究的领域。达赖喇嘛尊者一向主张把佛教哲学与信仰和科学对话分开,和当代科学对话的只限于佛教科学。话虽如此,印度传统对人的意念和情绪的研究有数千年历史,积累了丰富的经验,也掌握了很多技巧,他希望科学家们对此持有开放的心态;对于佛教来说,必须理解和尊重科学研究的规范和成果。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">下午的讨论,提问非常热烈。有些提问者是来自西方国家的教育界人士,积累了丰富的幼儿早期教育经验,是带着问题来观摩听讲的。来自藏传佛教的喇嘛们的提问,令人印象深刻,表现出思维活跃,眼界开阔。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这正是达赖喇嘛尊者将科学对话开放给藏传佛教寺院的目的之一,要把科学教育引入藏传佛教寺院,让当代科学来更新传统佛教</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">首发/纵览中国: http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=189922</span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-60184237812383978322017-08-24T09:34:00.000-04:002017-08-24T09:36:19.066-04:00 「西藏平叛」與中印邊境戰爭<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 今年六月初,中印軍隊在中國和不丹邊界的洞郎地區發生「對峙」,雖未武裝衝突,但網上傳出雙方軍人肢體衝突的視頻。事件發生後,中國軍方警告印度「牢記一九六二年的戰爭失敗教訓」;鷹派代表人物戴旭則放話,聲稱「中國在一九六二年只用了一把雞刀,就把它(印度)這隻牛殺得狂奔拉稀,本身就已經說明雙方根本不是一個級別的」,言下之意,如果再來一場邊界戰爭,印度依然必敗無疑。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九六二年的中印邊界戰爭,對印度而言無疑是一次慘重失敗。對於戰爭的起因、過程和後果,幾十年來各方面的研究可謂汗牛充棟。特別是印度方面,在戰敗之恥的刺激下,學者們對那場戰爭從各個角度作出了相當詳盡的研究,有大量出版物面世。本文不擬討論中印戰爭的起源,僅就中國軍隊在一九六二年「只用了一把雞刀」這點,提供一些中國官方敘述中有意無意地省略,研究者們也時常忽略的細節。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>中國是「無準備之戰」?</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 二○○五年,軍事科學院《軍事歷史》雜誌對原中共西藏黨委第一書記、一九六二年中印戰爭參與者陰法唐做了一次訪談。訪談中,陰法唐一再強調,一九六二年的中印邊界戰爭,中方在戰前並無作戰準備。中方指揮者之一,當時的五十四軍軍長丁盛在回憶錄中也有此說,理由是一九六二年十月,後來的參戰主力部隊之一五四軍一三○師駐在四川,主要任務是「分散生產」,分佈在十幾個點,接到參戰命令時才收攏部隊,臨時換裝,趕往西藏投入戰鬥。看起來似乎中印邊界衝突那時才爆發。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 事實上,中印邊界的衝突在一九五九年之前就開始了。一九五八年,兩方就邊界問題的外交衝突達到一個「高峰」,雙方都指責對方為「擴張主義者」,兩方都搶佔麥克馬洪線一帶的「無人區」,兩邊各有得失,也有小規模的武裝衝突。那時印度軍方對中國的判斷是:中國不會為邊界問題發動戰爭,而中共當時的主要注意力在東南一線,同時還在西北鎮壓藏、回等民族的反抗,暫時無暇應對中印邊界的爭端。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五九年三月十日,「拉薩事件」爆發。三月二十五日至四月五日,中共在上海召開政治局擴大會議和八屆七中全會,政治局會議討論了「西藏平叛」問題和中印關係問題,據參加會議的新華社社長兼人民日報總編吳冷西回憶,毛澤東在會議上說:「現在讓印度當局多行不義,到一定時候我們再跟它算賬」。這句話可圈可點,可以說,在一九五九年三月,毛就有了遲早要跟印度「算賬」的想法。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 雖然軍事上的「算賬」尚需等到「一定時候」,中共對印度在政治和外交上的「算賬」即刻開始。接下來的幾個月內,中印兩方你來我往地展開「文字戰」和「照會戰」。與此同時,中共軍隊以「平叛」為名,在西藏展開相當規模的戰爭,血腥鎮壓藏人的反抗。從一九五九年三月至一九六二年三月,中共軍隊在西藏進行了十二場大規模戰役,對西藏本地,以及從康和安多地區逃來的藏人進行一次又一次大屠殺。參與屠殺的主力部隊,除了中共駐藏部隊之外,還有丁盛的五十四軍和蘭州、昆明、成都軍區所屬部隊。五十四軍一百三十師參與了「西藏平叛」全過程,直到一九六一年十二月才撤回成都駐地,開始「分散生產」。也就是說,中印邊界戰爭爆發時,丁盛部撤出西藏不到一年。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 尚未公開解密的「西藏平叛作戰圖」顯示,在一九五九至一九六○年之間,中共軍隊六次越過麥克馬洪線,進入尼泊爾、不丹和印度,追擊外逃藏人,有一次還過了達旺,直達不丹邊界。可以想見,印度政府對此反應強烈,這些行動顯然加劇了邊境衝突。當然,這些情況在中共有關中印衝突的敘事中鮮有提及。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 因此,一九六二年爆發的中印邊境戰爭實為一連串事件的結果,中方部隊並非在一九六二年才在一切均無準備的情況下倉促出兵,而是以數年的時間建立了一整套系統,在有一定把握後才於一九六二年十月開戰。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>「西藏平叛」為何用「牛刀」?</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在研究一九五六至一九六二年中共軍隊在傳統西藏三區以戰爭形式鎮壓藏人的過程中,我對這場中共稱之為「平息反革命武裝叛亂」的戰爭規模進行了多種數據統計,包括參戰的軍區、兵力、兵種、後勤人數,物質數量等等,並對一些主要戰役進行了較為詳細的分析。中共內部資料顯示,當時的十二個大軍區中,有七個直接參與,另有兩個軍區提供了後勤支持。參戰兵力累計達二十萬,當時的主要兵種幾乎全部參加了高原作戰,連防化兵也上陣了。這一史實令我產生了一個疑問:中共在藏區作戰時,完全知道他們面對的是沒有統一指揮、武器落後且數量有限,而且完全沒有現代戰爭經驗的農牧民,為何使用如此強大的兵力,動用如此之多的兵種?即使針對西藏噶廈政府的三千餘名受過一定軍事訓練的藏軍,動用如此強大的兵力也是毫無必要的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 我在挖掘各種史料中發現,一九五九年至一九六一年間,中共軍隊除了各兵種統統參加「西藏平叛」,中央軍委各大部門如總政、總參、總後和各軍事院校,以及沒有直接參戰的軍區如廣州軍區,也派幹部、學員、青年軍官到西藏去「調研」或進行「實戰體驗」。這些情況加深了我的疑問:所謂「西藏平叛」除了鎮壓藏人反抗,並以戰爭手段推翻西藏原有的社會制度,強制推行中共的意識形態,建立中共政權,是否還有別的目的?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五九年一月二十二日至二月十九日,毛澤東在有關西藏的四份文件上批示。這些批示中均指出「叛亂是好事」,可以「練兵、練民」,或「將我軍鍛練得很能打」之類的指示,顯示毛有利用「西藏平叛」來「練兵」的想法。這些批示都送交劉少奇、鄧小平、彭德懷、黃克誠等人,其中二月十九日給總參作戰部的「練兵」批示除送交國防部長彭德懷之外,還特別指示「密發西藏工委、軍區直至團級」。也就是說,從國防部長到前線部隊都瞭解毛澤東利用「西藏平叛」來練兵的這一意圖。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 從這個角度再深入挖掘史料,我發現中共軍隊一九五九年三月至一九六二年初在今西藏自治區範圍內的十二場大型戰役,是全方位的「練兵」:士兵演練作戰能力,指揮官演練各種戰術,總後借此機會瞭解高原作戰的需求,總政瞭解如何「宣傳動員群眾」,野戰醫院研究怎樣防治高原病等等。此外,中共軍隊在「西藏平叛」中還試驗了各種當時中國自製的新式武器,如仿製蘇聯的五六式火箭筒,「並由此獲得了高原作戰中使用各類武器的特殊經驗」。通過在各地的大小規模作戰,西藏軍區完全掌握、熟悉了地形,並熟悉了高原作戰的特殊需求,以及最適合當地地形的戰術。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 這就可以理解:所謂「西藏平叛」背後還有一個不可告人的目的:中共軍隊以藏人為目標,在高原進行實戰演練,以期「鍛練」出一支在高原上「很能打」的軍隊。<br /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>以「平叛」為名行「練兵」之實</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 接下來的問題是:這支「很能打」的軍隊將要打的是誰?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五九年三月「拉薩戰役」結束後,中共立刻解除了藏軍的武裝;接下來的第二場戰役就是「山南戰役」,目標是「蕩平叛匪老巢」,即消滅藏人的民間武裝力量:四水六崗衛教自願軍,亦稱「康巴遊擊隊」,「山南戰役」事實上並未達到戰役目標,四水六崗在總指揮貢保紮西和西藏軍區叛將姜華亭的帶領下整軍退入印度。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 然而,中共並未就此罷手。接下來,各路軍隊在西藏連續進行了一連串戰役,最後一場戰役,即「寧靜、三岩戰役」一直打到一九六一年四月。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 「西藏平叛」和「西藏民主改革」是同時進行的,所謂「邊打邊改」,具體方式是「平定一塊,改革一塊」。「平定」的標準是「三光」,也就是「叛匪殲光、槍支、反動證件收光」。在「改革」過程中,不僅「槍枝收光」,連刀矛、馬匹也悉數收繳。在此期間還進行大搜捕,按照西藏工委的要求,西藏地區至少有百分之二的總人口被捕。經過這樣的鎮壓和「改造」,藏人事實上不再具備武裝反抗能力,根本無須一支「很能打」的軍隊來隨時彈壓。那麼,「練兵」的意義何在?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 資料顯示,一九六二年六月,西藏軍區組建「前進指揮部」,代號為「藏字四一九部隊」,其目的是「準備應付中印邊界日益激烈、不斷升級的武裝衝突」。這時,距離官方宣佈的「西藏平叛勝利結束」僅僅三個月。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 十月八日,毛澤東召集周恩來、鄧小平、劉少奇、朱德、賀龍、聶榮臻、羅瑞卿開會,討論中印邊境衝突問題。就在這次會議十二天後,中印邊境戰爭爆發。參加中印邊境戰爭的主力部隊,正是在高原「演練」了幾年的部隊,如蘭州軍區所屬之步兵第十一師、五十四軍一百三十師和西藏軍區所屬部隊。在「平叛」期間試驗過的新式武器,這時也派上了用場。「西藏平叛」的指揮張國華和丁盛正是中印邊境戰爭的指揮者,而且公路運輸、野戰醫院、支前隊伍等等均已具備。因此,中印邊境戰爭中方大勝並不奇怪,因為,張國華和丁盛指揮的,是經過數年高原作戰演練後的一支「很能打」的軍隊,這支軍隊用來應對印軍,絕非一把「雞刀」。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 事實上,直到中共入藏,西藏對於中國人來說,是遙遠的、充滿艱險的異域他鄉,而中印邊界發生衝突的地方大多是喜馬拉雅山中的高寒荒原,歷史上中國軍隊從未到過那個地方。六年的「西藏平叛」實際上是主要由漢人組成的解放軍,在西藏這個他們不瞭解、不熟悉、不適應的高原藏區所進行的一場佔領與鎮壓的戰爭。由於高原和氣候、交通等因素造成的解放軍減員,不會低於實戰造成的傷亡。解放軍通過六年的高原「練兵」才獲得了在喜馬拉雅實戰的信心,如果沒有六年對藏人大開殺戒的演練,解放軍根本不知道在喜馬拉雅開戰將會遇到什麼問題。因此,以史學家的眼光來看,離開了六年「西藏平叛」這個至關緊要而歷來故意忽略的因素,就不能很好地理解一九六二年中印戰爭的全貌。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; line-height: 107%;">《动向》第380期:http://chengmingmag.com/t380/select/380sel05.html</span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-27974463208927030272017-03-20T22:34:00.000-04:002017-03-20T22:34:59.733-04:00 西藏流亡史,一部仍在進行的史詩<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgncBhmNxiCPdgSuoO6WUw64q-k4iZSunW9iHsj4fIPLfLrbhNIQ9sEB2gUd5DdTSBHNUJzp9nVI8KnNhwGM0oid9UUQVffbzB9ygBbPQnuvCs1Xq1MFJ1INGfM9QufZb31khCA3no73To/s1600/CSGY+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgncBhmNxiCPdgSuoO6WUw64q-k4iZSunW9iHsj4fIPLfLrbhNIQ9sEB2gUd5DdTSBHNUJzp9nVI8KnNhwGM0oid9UUQVffbzB9ygBbPQnuvCs1Xq1MFJ1INGfM9QufZb31khCA3no73To/s320/CSGY+cover.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.linkingbooks.com.tw/lnb/book/Book.aspx?ID=161261" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: small;">《重生的观音:第三个西藏的故事》</span></b></a></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">今年二月初,《重生的觀音:第三個西藏的故事》由台灣聯經出版社出版。這本書是我出版的第四本有關西藏當代史的書,卻是我寫的第一本,內容是十年前我第一次去印度達蘭薩拉的見聞。那年返回紐約後,我根據帶回的資料、採訪筆記和早期西藏流亡史的初步研究,寫下這本書。初稿於二○○八年完成後,接下來的幾年裡,我轉向研究當代藏史,直到二○一三年才抽空對它作了修改。這本書原定二○一四年出版,但我決定先出版《藏區秘行》,於是延期至今才出版。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 二○○七年之後,我多次重返達蘭薩拉。二○一五年第七次去達蘭薩拉時,這個世界聞名的難民營已經是遊人川流不息的旅遊勝地,很多老房子已經拆除,原址上建了新房。據說達蘭薩拉是喜馬偕爾邦重點投資的「旅遊點」之一,小鎮擴大了不少,上山的公路也修好了,不再坑坑窪窪,若干家新旅館正在建造中。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 然而,達蘭薩拉與西藏流亡史密不可分,這是一部早已開頭,尚未結束的歷史。二○○七年我所記錄的一切,是這段歷史的一部分,雖已過去十年,如今讀來並非毫無意義。在修改過程中,我決定完全保留當時的記錄,不再增加後來的見聞,使得此書無意中成為一種歷史記載。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>觀音何以「重生」?</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 《重生的觀音》出版後,有朋友問我為什麼叫這個書名?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 「重生的觀音」是書中的一章,講述一個鮮為人知的故事。二○○七從達蘭薩拉回來後,我仔細閱讀帶回美國的資料,其中一本介紹達蘭薩拉大昭寺的小冊子提到寺中的十一面千手千眼觀音像,說這尊造像嵌入了被摧毀的拉薩大昭寺千手觀音像的幾個殘面,被摧毀的拉薩大昭寺千手觀音像就這樣在流亡社區重生。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 無論作為歷史記錄,還是「重生」的象徵意義,這都是一個動人的故事。作為西藏當代史的研究者,我極想瞭解這尊觀音像重生的經過。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 根據那篇介紹提供的線索,我查到一九六七年二月七日《紐約時報》的一篇報道。根據報道中的線索,我多方詢問,尋找一位名叫土登寧捷的知情者。遺憾的是,認識他的人告訴我,他早已去世。那麼,另一位知情者應該是千手觀音塑像的鑄造師。我打聽到鑄像師名叫邊巴,在達蘭薩拉的羅佈林卡西藏藝術中心工作。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 二○○八年十月,我終於在康加拉山谷的羅佈林卡找到了鑄像師邊巴。在鑄造車間此起彼伏的敲打金屬聲中,七十多歲的邊巴向我講述了達蘭薩拉大昭寺千手觀音的鑄造過程,並告訴我七個殘面的具體位置。我把整個經過寫下來,這就是「重生的觀音」,一段不應湮沒的歷史,一個不屈不撓的故事。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 然而,「重生的觀音」還有另一層面的意義。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 二○○七年離開達蘭薩拉後,我去了印度南方的帕拉庫毗西藏難民定居點,在那裡參觀了重建的色拉寺和南卓林寺。如果沒有南印度之旅,我對「重生觀音」的理解,或許只能停留在簡單的歷史層面,而無法進入更深的層次。在流亡中「重生」的,不僅是大昭寺的千手觀音像,還有西藏三大寺,以及西藏文化。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 只有從達蘭薩拉到了南印度,我才能在這本書的前言中寫下這句話:「達蘭薩拉不僅記錄了苦難,更重要的是,達蘭薩拉還記錄了超越苦難的力量、決心和勇氣。」</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>「漢喇嘛」的故事</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在中共的統治下,西藏境內經歷過一次巨大的文化毀滅,又經歷了一度緩慢的重生。「重生」並不順利,每當西藏文化的重生初具規模,中共就會再次將之摧毀。因此,「毀滅」與「重生」成為西藏當代史的一條主線。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 最近幾個月來,在全世界的注視下,中共又一次摧毀藏地最大的寺院──色達喇榮五明佛學院。看到相關報道時,我馬上想到「甲喇嘛」圓祥法師。這位法師是遼寧人,他是二○○七年我在達蘭薩拉遇到的一位漢僧。法師到達蘭薩拉時,我只剩三天就要離開了,這三天裡,法師和我雖然各自忙碌,但我還是設法對他進行了一次深度訪談,並將法師的故事寫入書中。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 圓祥法師二十來歲時,跟隨一位藏地來的仁波切出家,後來輾轉到了色達喇榮五明佛學院學習。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 色達喇榮五明佛學院由藏傳佛教寧瑪派晉美彭措堪佈於一九八○年創辦。這時,文革剛剛結束四年,文革期間,藏傳佛教遭到第二波打擊。一九五八年開始,至一九六二年結束的「宗教制度改革」運動中,藏地近五千座寺院絕大多數被摧毀,只保留了六百多座。文革期間,這六百多座寺院全部被毀。所以,色達喇榮五明佛學院建立後,很快吸引了藏區各地的僧尼前去修習佛法。至一九九○年代末,色達喇榮五明佛學院已經發展成世界最大的佛學院,學僧達一萬多人,包括幾千名漢人僧尼。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 靠發展組織起家的中共,不容許任何自身之外的組織存在。在內地土改過程中,中共以「取締反動道會門」的名義,解散了所有的民間組織。組織化宗教自然是中共打擊和控制的主要目標之一。藏傳佛教具有完整而嚴密的組織系統,並且通過寺院系統直達基層社區。中共千方百計要「奪過宗教這面旗幟」,也就是說,一定要牢牢控制藏傳佛教。當色達喇榮五明佛學院在西藏境內外有了很大影響力時,中共開始對這座佛教學府動手。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 二○○一年夏,中共強行拆除色達喇榮五明佛學院僧尼們自建的房舍,驅趕僧尼,強迫他們停止修習,返回原籍,在那裡學習的漢人僧尼則由各省派專人押解回去,圓祥法師和數千名漢僧就這樣被遣返回鄉。佛學院的創建者,被學生們尊稱為法王的晉美彭措堪佈被當局送往成都,三年後,晉美彭措堪佈在成都圓寂。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 然而,佛學院並未因此消失。此後的歲月裡,被遣散的僧人悄悄返回,被強拆的僧舍漸漸重建,數年後,色達喇榮五明佛學院再次重生。蓮花般吉祥的山谷裡,幾千座絳紅色僧舍環繞著谷底的大經堂,像藍天下盛開的一朵巨大紅蓮花。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 二○一六年,中共再次對這座世界最大的佛學院動手。僧舍強拆,僧尼遣散,歷史又一度輪迴。十年前,圓祥法師曾告訴我,有一天他將重返色達。不知此時,法師是否在色達,是否再度被強行遣返?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 歷史或許會輪迴,但不會停止。我相信,色達喇榮佛學院還會重生。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "dengxian";">《动向》2017年第3期:http://www.chengmingmag.com/t378/select/378sel19.html</span></div>
Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-61912969470098403422017-02-17T11:31:00.000-05:002017-02-17T11:32:20.781-05:00丁一夫:大自然的孤儿,最后的鄂伦春人<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfG7vyoPDXTPfqOJWhc1v2l7mOgyLOdEJVgn6xgHJcjpDCYBDzB7JV1pRpXzsr0ogv4nGCD7fXmfiOK6r5ag5Tw6QL2q6gSdOKADHAbTsl3SCwV6HC0dGop_SK2opGwPDG7grBXvsajJY/s1600/4c2f8339-973f-441e-9347-83c1031d0917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfG7vyoPDXTPfqOJWhc1v2l7mOgyLOdEJVgn6xgHJcjpDCYBDzB7JV1pRpXzsr0ogv4nGCD7fXmfiOK6r5ag5Tw6QL2q6gSdOKADHAbTsl3SCwV6HC0dGop_SK2opGwPDG7grBXvsajJY/s320/4c2f8339-973f-441e-9347-83c1031d0917.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">鄂伦春人 (网络图片)</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">一六九二年,荷兰探险家</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nicholas Witsen</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">出版《东北鞑靼》,记录了西伯利亚地区通古斯原住民部落的生活,特别是部落中具有特殊身份的通神人士,这些人引领部落举行仪式祈求神灵医治疾患、驱逐邪魔、降福避灾。这些人叫做「萨满」。萨满举行的仪式,其神秘令西方人深深迷恋达三百年之久,由此陆续在世界各地包括新大陆发现和记载的类似仪式,都被学界统称为「萨满教」。中国东北黑龙江上游和大小兴安岭地区的鄂伦春、鄂温克、赫哲、满、锡伯等民族生活的地区,就是西方学界最初发现萨满教的地方,是「萨满」这个概念的故乡。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 三百年后,一九九四年,美国人类学家</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Richard Noll</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">等人,趁着「六四天安门事件」后中国政府急欲改善对外形象的机会,获准进入黑龙江展开对萨满教的田野调查。他们非常幸运地在一个叫十八站的鄂伦春聚居地找到了一位萨满。为了避免外界再次惊扰他们所拜访考察的老人,他们将考察报告和论文按下不发表,直到二○○四年得知老人们都已去世后,才公布了考察过程,《孟金福:中国东北最后的鄂伦春萨满》。他们相信,他们记载的是这个地区最后一位萨满,从此以后,这里再也没有萨满了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 他们描述的鄂伦春人生活,我非常熟悉。一九六九年,我到黑龙江省爱珲县插队,在小兴安岭密林深处的鄂伦春人中生活了几年。我和几个鄂伦春人负责放牧公社的马群和牛群,和鄂伦春人同吃同住同劳动。我见证了这个弱小族群特殊文化形态的当代命运。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>萨满沉寂的年代</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 鄂伦春被中国政府确认为五十六个少数民族之一,五十年代初人口二千多人,我在那里生活的时候人口约四千人,我们那个屯子由几百个鄂伦春人组成,只有屈指可数外来鄂伦春化了的汉人,以及我们这些突然被送来的知识青年。根据二○一○年人口统计,全国鄂伦春人八千七百人,但是其中相当高的比例是混血后高度汉化的人。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 鄂伦春人有自己的语言,没有书写文字。鄂伦春语是通古斯语的一支,和鄂温克族语言同属于北通古斯语。西方人类学家考察认为,鄂伦春族和鄂温克族文化形态上非常接近,它们其实是不能划分成两个民族的。二○一○年人口统计,中国境内鄂温克族人口约三万余人。我下乡的时候听说,鄂伦春人是骑马的,而鄂温克人是使驭俗称「四不像」的驯鹿。其实骑马和使鹿并不是这两个族群的区别,而更多是区域性的差别,鄂伦春人也有使鹿的,只是使鹿的人生活在更北的地方。将这些人口很少且分散的人群划分为两个「民族」,其实是汉族外人在对他们很不了解的年代做出的十分随意的定性,和他们自己没有多少关系。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 鄂伦春人以打猎为生,主要猎物是鹿科动物狍子、野猪等。历史上,鄂伦春人以几个核心家庭组成一个扩大的家庭叫「乌力楞」,几个或十几个乌力楞形成一个类似部落的形态,叫做「莫空」。鄂伦春是游猎者,一个或几个乌力楞跟着猎物游走于森林山水之间。他们砍伐小桦树杆,交搭成圆锥状,上面覆盖桦树皮或狍子皮,类似帐篷,这就是他们的居所,称为「撮罗子」。鄂伦春人也带我去看过山林里废弃了的房屋,都是用大树树干建造的木头房子或者靠坡坎半地下的「地窝子」,告诉我这是多少年前哪些家庭的住处。这说明他们也有半定居的生活形态,特别是在冬天。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 除了马鞍,他们没有家具,日常器皿全部用桦树皮制作,非常轻便好用。他们用兽皮同「山外人」换取他们自己没有的东西,如食盐、烟草、布匹、酒,其他一切都取自于大自然。他们的服装,夏天用棉布,其他季节是兽皮制作,式样即「旗袍」。我就是那时穿着兽皮旗袍骑着马,才知道旗袍其实就是北方骑马民族的服装,大襟、紧袖、立领和高开叉,这一切细节其实都是出于骑马的便利。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 马和狗是鄂伦春人必不可少的生活依靠。鄂伦春猎人是可以持枪的,持有的是真正的步枪,二战时期的七九步枪或</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">7.62</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">步枪,这在中国是一个非常罕见的特殊待遇。子弹从公社武装部领取。上面偶尔会下达国家任务,比如限时上交若干新鲜熊掌等山珍,据说是国宴所需。那也是我吃得最好的几年,我们是顿顿有肉食的。肉要吃完的时候,他们天亮前骑着马出去,上午就能驮回一头猎物。那时候我年轻,能吃苦,很快就和鄂伦春人相处得非常融洽。他们给我做皮旗袍,皮帽子,皮靴子。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 我在那里生活的时候,正是文革中期。派我去牧马,因为公社需要有人给那一组放牧的鄂伦春人读报,读上级文件,读「农业学大寨」的宣传资料。我不认为我在那儿的几年里,这些外界政治玩意儿对他们有任何正面意义,他们用一种敬而远之的态度来对待这些他们无法理解的政治。那时候宗教是被批判的,虽然曾经学习过的新宪法里有宗教自由,但同时又在批判宗教迷信。鄂伦春人传统的自然神灵的观念和习俗,被认为是一种落后与愚昧。我和他们朝夕相处,形同一家人,也跟他们一起遵从狩猎和生活上的一些传统禁忌,他们给我讲过一些过去的故事和传说,但是我从没有见过一个萨满,一个也没有。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 那是一个萨满已经沉寂的年代。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 定居:鄂伦春人的文化走向衰落</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在二战结束之前,那里曾经被日本人占领和统治了一些年。日本人在那里修过一条铁路,还有废弃了的机场。我插队的时候,路基还在,铁轨了无踪迹,机场则芳草萋萋。山林里还有一处地名叫「开拓团」,显然是日本人留下的。日本人对待鄂伦春人的政策是一种笼络的做法,用鄂伦春人需要的东西来换取日本人需要的东西。鄂伦春人偶尔会跟我讲起那时候的日本人,我注意到他们的叙述中从没有负面的评论。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共执政后,鄂伦春人的生活有了很大的变化,一切是从定居开始的。政府选择地点,按东北汉人的屯子形式建造房屋,免费给鄂伦春人居住,同时建立起基层政府机构。鄂伦春人中流行肺结核,还有关节炎和梅毒等疾病,政府有专项资金用于鄂伦春人的医药。随着定居,政府动员鄂伦春儿童上学接受教育。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 这一切看上去挺美好。我一到那里就听说,定居后鄂伦春人发生过三次暴动。所谓暴动,就是定居后的鄂伦春人要回到山林里去,于是他们抢劫了政府武装部的枪枝弹药,骑着马进了林子。结果自然是暴动被平息了,据说凡是参与的汉人都进了监狱再也没回来,而鄂伦春人都放了,只是要求他们定居。汉人政府一度也在鄂伦春人中划分成份,即贫下中猎、富猎等等。我不认为鄂伦春人会接受这种观念和政策。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 为什么他们不愿意定居?只要你和他们生活在一起,很容易理解这一切。我在那里插队的时候,鄂伦春人是不干农活的,你跟他们宣讲毛主席的号召「大办农业大办粮食」,「农业学大寨」,「关于养猪的指示」,等等,这对他们来说完全是不可理喻的天方夜谭。越来越多的外来汉人、国营农场和知青在那里开垦荒地,种植粮食,压缩他们的生存空间,他们当然冷暖自知。他们的第一反应是向山林深处退缩,而外来的政府却强迫他们定居,不许退入山林,要求他们种地务农,迫使他们适应农业文明,事实上使得他们落入生存竞争的不利态势。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 由定居开始,鄂伦春人的文化走向衰落。对于这样弱小的人群,历史上对他们文明形态的最好保护是大自然,那里是高寒地区,冬季最低温度达摄氏零下四十五度,夏季则多雨潮湿,道路泥泞,交通极不便利。中共执政后对宗教的打击,萨满沉寂,动摇了原来基于自然崇拜的共同信仰。由于没有书写文字,对儿童的教育只是使得一代一代年轻人汉化。文革后,宗教自由得以放松,活着的萨满却很难找到了。交通和通讯的技术改进,使得大量汉人涌入这个地区,鄂伦春下一代加速汉化。当语言最终消失的时候,文化也就消亡了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>挽救鄂伦春文化遗产为时已晚</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共的政策和大多数汉人的观念里,有一种不证自明的「社会进步」观念。根据这种观念,不同人群的生活,不同的社会形态,是可以直接比较「先进」和「落后」的。落后的社会则必然要被先进所代替,先进的社会则必然带来幸福。这是一种单一的、直线的、理性而冷酷的社会达尔文主义。到了二十一世纪,人类终于明白了保护大自然物种多样性的意义,也开始理解人类多元文化形态和宽容共存的重要性。但是,对于鄂伦春人,以及中国一些人数很少的非汉民族及没有被划分为民族的文化群落来说,挽救他们文化遗产不致灭绝的努力,恐怕已经晚了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 现在的鄂伦春人,游猎的生活方式基本已经放弃。森林稀疏了,动物变少了。鄂伦春人口在统计上看起来正常,那是因为通婚混血的后代都登记为少数民族,这样能得到一定的政策优惠,事实上半数以上的年轻人不会说鄂伦春话。我一起插队的同学告诉我,我们生活过的鄂伦春屯子已经变成了旅游景点,表现的「鄂伦春文化」是那样的商品化,那样的轻浮、虚假和艳俗。没有人关心鄂伦春人生活方式的消失,内心深处和大自然的联系被生生切断是何等痛苦。只有屯子里越来越少的老一代鄂伦春人,他们时不时地相约,骑上马,背上枪,到远处的山林里去走上几天,他们说,不这样的话,在屋子里憋得实在受不了。他们的这种感受,连他们自己的孩子也越来越不能理解了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 我的插队朋友们,在老之将至时,都回鄂伦春去看望那些还活着的老乡。有一张照片,让我久久无语:照片上,当年的知青和鄂伦春人握着酒杯,相拥大哭。我们知青为我们留在那儿的青春而哭,他们鄂伦春人,为他们失去了的山神而哭。他们的萨满说过,神走了,再也不会回来了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-48410933487171756522017-02-16T20:25:00.001-05:002017-02-16T20:31:06.523-05:00凉山彝族:不为人知的痛<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT0_8_9T4wIYYwxhWP27NlYppxup0nXFD2KNQEpUdbvK9TCv4w36cqyyQ5fHjBY3nEHhyphenhyphen7fUB5IefpjMT1j-2TNsqVpuKqThi1k85sZYn5evUZKR-JVaNbsfLx4NSx6NZ7DxQ6OulDC_k/s1600/1439949044968006.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT0_8_9T4wIYYwxhWP27NlYppxup0nXFD2KNQEpUdbvK9TCv4w36cqyyQ5fHjBY3nEHhyphenhyphen7fUB5IefpjMT1j-2TNsqVpuKqThi1k85sZYn5evUZKR-JVaNbsfLx4NSx6NZ7DxQ6OulDC_k/s400/1439949044968006.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
凉山彝族 (网络图片)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中国共有五十六个法定民族,官方谓之「五十六个民族五十六朵花」。站在汉族的视角,其他五十五个非汉民族均被称为「少数民族」。由于现在中国这些非汉民族享有一些「优待」,很多人相信「少数民族是受益者」,民族政策是「逆向歧视」。可是,生活在内地的汉人对那「五十五朵花」有多少了解呢?我们是否知道中共建政之后,这五十五个非汉民族经历过的一切?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 非官方的中国当代史研究中,除了蒙、藏、回等民族有不多的研究外,其他民族的研究几乎是空白。除了「众所周知」的原因,数据奇缺使得研究难以进行。我在研究当代藏史的过程中接触到一些其他民族的数据,包括蒙、回、东乡、苗、彝、哈萨克斯坦、佤等等,这些数据零星分散,很难据此作出系统的分析和结论,但这些数据足以呈现一个史实:一九五○年代,中共军队以「民主改革」为名,强行破坏了非汉民族传统社会结构,摧毁了原有政治、经济、文化体系,将之纳入中共构建的「社会主义制度」。在此过程中,至少有十个民族进行了不同程度的抵抗,中共对这些民族实行了血腥军事镇压,凉山彝族就是遭受严酷军事镇压的民族之一。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 彝族是中国第六大非汉民族,现有人口约八百万,主要生活在滇、川、贵三省的三个彝族自治州和十九个自治县,四川省大小凉山地区则是最出名的彝族聚居区域。彝族有自己的语言、文字、民间信仰和文化习俗,还有独特的社会结构。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">凉山彝人对「民主改革」的反抗</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共在四川彝族地区,即凉山彝族自治区、乐山和西昌地区几个县的「民主改革」始于一九五五年十二月,采用的方法与内地土改相同,以「阶级斗争」为理论基础、自上而下的土改政策,实行「发动群众」,没收财产、划分阶级等等步骤。「改革试点」开始两天后,普雄地区的彝民首先开始反抗。这一波反抗者为两个家支、四千五百余人。中共调集十七个连的兵力,与反抗彝民打了九天,官方记录「歼灭叛乱武装四千一百九十八人」。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 从一九五五年底开始的彝民反抗此起彼伏,遍及整个凉山地区,先后共有五十六个家支、两万五千多人参加。此后的几年中,中共调动军队,组织民兵,形成强大军事力量,血腥镇压彝族人民的反抗。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 官方文献透露,一九五六年,西昌地区彝族人民开始抵制中共的社会改造,各县均有彝人不同程度的反抗,共六十多个家支、一万四千多人参加。尽管中共调动了大批军队镇压,根据新华社内参的报道,一九五七年初,凉山地区反抗的彝民依然有「九四一股、五千七百二十多人,枪四千七百二十枝」,其中「表现顽抗、屡次争取无效的约占百分之三十左右」。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五七年,根据官方资料,中共在凉山的军事行动中,「大小战斗二千二百八十四次,共歼灭叛乱武装一点四万余人」。至一九五七年十月,凉山彝族人民的反抗终于被镇压平息。至一九五八年底,中共在西昌地区的镇压结束,据中共资料,「共歼灭叛乱武装一万余人」。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共在凉山地区两年的军事镇压过程中,先后调动了十一个团、十六个民警中队以及十一万「自卫队」,总人数达十二万九千多人,其中正规军一万七千多人。据中共资料,「共经大小战斗四千二百次,歼敌五万五千四百六十四名,投诚一万零五百六十九名」。这些数据仅是四川地区,还不包括云南贵州等其他地区。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 由于资料不足,无法统计两年「平叛」过程中凉山彝民的伤亡以及后来被捕的精确人数。有官方学者承认,在此过程中曾经出现了「平叛扩大化」;一九七九年四月,凉山彝族自治州宣布释放「一九六一年前参加武装叛乱的一百零九名服刑在押犯」,也就是说,这些人被关押了二十多年。这个数字不会是全部关押人数,究竟有多少彝人被捕入狱,多少人死在狱中,至今未见公布。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">传统彝族社会的崩溃</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中国传统社会各民族均有历史形成的组织形式,如汉族乡村的宗族,藏人社会的部落等等,这是根据人们不同的生存环境和生活方式,在漫长的历史中自然形成的社会形态。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在中共执政之前,彝族处于一种特殊的地方性封闭排外体系,和周边汉族社会的交往十分有限,历史上被汉人称为「倮倮」、「夷人」,现在所称的彝族之彝,就来自于历史上带有贬视意味的夷人之夷。汉人对彝区怀着一种歧视和恐惧交织的观念,盛传彝人会劫掠汉人,强迫为奴。民国时期,国民政府采取的政策是通过彝人上层头人,逐渐向彝族地区输入现代教育和观念,而不是向彝族社会强行实施政府行政管理。彝人上层逐渐出现了和汉人政府合作的精英,如先后任云南省政府主席的龙云和卢汉就是彝族人。上世纪三十年代末,俄国作家顾彼得深入凉山后出版《彝族首领》,描述了他亲眼所见的彝族首领岭光电、曲木藏尧等精英人物,这些人的英武、开明和引领彝人走向现代社会的志向与见识,给读者以强烈印象。顾彼得的著作,成为迄今为止对传统彝族社会最生动的描述。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9BHBidxxicyHqQVXpDXlTqBf02Yx2i5fZiRfnRt43wZRiMkv1-NpLZjvAI6z_vpWE6u8sjHPKQbfHb7qYi6BWf-xUM6invxKDYcKjWKb0Pqcjxke9IJbmFJwFZb1KbM8b4IPV2wxmJ0/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9BHBidxxicyHqQVXpDXlTqBf02Yx2i5fZiRfnRt43wZRiMkv1-NpLZjvAI6z_vpWE6u8sjHPKQbfHb7qYi6BWf-xUM6invxKDYcKjWKb0Pqcjxke9IJbmFJwFZb1KbM8b4IPV2wxmJ0/s320/download.jpg" width="206" /></a><br />岭光电(1913-1989)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 传统彝族社会以「家支」为基本社会组织形式。这种以父系为中心、以血缘关系为纽带的社会共同体具有全方位的功能,既要求其成员维护家支的利益,规范全体成员的道德与行为,也保护其成员的个人利益不受侵犯;当成员遇到危机时,「家支」提供救助,如抚养孤儿,照顾孤老等。可是,这种「家支」结构必然是地方性的,彝族没有发展出全民族统一的政治形态,也没有普遍的民族认同意识,当遭遇外来政治冲击的时候,就缺乏自我保护的规模力量,在经历危机和破坏以后的社会复苏和重建过程就更为艰辛。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共「民主改革」的根本目的是建立基层政权,以实现「党的一元化领导」,因此必然要摧毁家支制度。中共武力镇压彝族人民的反抗后,随即开始组织民众「起来揭发和批判反动的家支制度」。时任中共昭觉县委书记的伍精华在一九五八年发表的一篇文章中说:「为了巩固党的领导,为了社会主义,必须把家支制度彻底粉碎。」在摧毁「家支」制度的过程中,这些地方民族领袖的命运如何,伍精华一字未提。伍精华本人是中共执政后地位最高的彝族人,曾被派到拉萨担任西藏自治区党委书记,既没有在藏人中留下好的口碑,对本民族的现代化和族人的福利也毫无作为。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 此后,凉山彝族与中国其他地区一样,经历了中共发动的所有政治运动,从「大跃进」到文革,凉山彝族无一幸免。关于大饥荒,伍精华在其回忆录中只淡淡一句:「各地因浮肿病还死了不少人」。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 这些运动造成的后果之一是彝族内部的分裂与对立。一九六八年,凉山州还出现了一个「新叛案」,「民改」后被当作「奴隶主」打入另册的黑彝有四百多人被迫害致死。一些黑彝被迫上山躲避,又被军队当作「叛乱」镇压。这个案件在一九七九年平反,但造成的后果很难在短时期内消除。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">彝族社会前路艰辛</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五○年代,邓小平、周恩来等中共高官多次发表指示,声称在非汉民族地区实行「民主改革」的目的是为了「消灭贫困」、「不改革,民族就要贫穷」。于是,通过暴力的「民主改革」,凉山彝族「从奴隶社会直接进入社会主义社会」。可是,「一步登天」进入社会主义的凉山彝族却并未「消灭贫困」。时至今日,凉山彝族自治州处于极度贫困状态,凉山彝族还成为吸毒和艾滋病的重灾区,由此产生了大量艾滋孤儿。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在互联网上可以找到相当多的图片、记录片和新闻报道,那些令人触目惊心的照片显示,在摧毁了传统的社会结构之后,中共并未建立起有机的基层社会互助结构,「党的阳光」既无法照到地处边远、交通不便的凉山彝族地区,传统的社会互助体系又已彻底摧毁。与西藏社会不同,彝族既没有共同拥戴的领袖,又没有成熟的宗教体系,如果说传统的「家支」制度使得彝族社会「分散化」,那么这一制度被摧毁后,凉山彝族社会变成「原子化」了。在自然条件本来就很艰苦的地区,一个个单独的个体或者家庭很难走出各种困境。几十年「阶级斗争」的结果,使得有能力的地方民族领袖不是被杀害,就是远走他乡一去不回。失去民族精英的引领和社会组织的保护之后,底层民众的生存状态令人扼腕痛惜。一盘散沙而失去了民族精英的彝族,其前途无法令人乐观。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 原西藏自治区党委书记、彝人伍精华的回忆录,题为《我们是这样走过来的:凉山的变迁》。掩卷之时,想起凉山彝族的现状,不由想到:我们真的知道凉山彝族是那样走过来的吗?我们是不是知道这个民族将走向哪里?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">《动向》2017年2月号:<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">https://goo.gl/BK6ex2</span></span><br />
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-26273009554365336182017-01-04T12:35:00.000-05:002017-01-04T12:36:20.858-05:00人类精神力量的证明 ——蒙古佛教的兴衰<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">2016</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">11</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">月中下旬,达赖喇嘛尊者访问了蒙古共和国。尊者在蒙古访问佛教寺院,为佛教信众讲经弘法,还和科学家举行了公开对话。这样一次民间的佛教弘法之旅,仍然遭到了中国政府的竭力阻止和干扰。在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">2002</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">年和</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">2006</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">年达赖喇嘛两次访问蒙古期间,中国政府甚至关闭了两国边境铁路对蒙古政府施压。今年的访问,据流亡藏人方面的消息,几年前就开始计划准备。中国外交部向蒙古政府发出措辞强烈的抗议,但是蒙古总统和蒙古最大佛教寺院甘丹大乘寺顶住了压力,使得达赖喇嘛尊者蒙古弘法之旅顺利成行。达赖喇嘛在蒙古弘法,其意义要从蒙藏之间悠久的佛教历史说起。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>蒙古佛教证明了佛教慈悲心的伟大力量</b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">蒙藏两大民族居住地相邻,但是高原地域辽阔,环境严酷。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1240</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,成吉思汗的孙子阔端派多达那布率军入藏,火烧热振寺和杰拉康寺,杀死了热振寺的五百名僧侣。那时,蒙古骑兵信奉武力,以残暴的杀戮在欧亚横冲直撞,所向披靡,几乎没有什么力量能够阻挡他们的马蹄。然而,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1244</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,阔端却遣使前往西藏,迎请萨迦班智达,要向他请教佛法。这是人类历史上野蛮民族的武力向另一个文明民族的精神力量俯首的又一个实例。当时阔端住在凉州,即现在的甘肃武威。年已六十多岁的萨迦班智达带着两个小侄子,即八思巴和恰那,前往凉州,于</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1247</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年与阔端会晤。萨迦班智达为阔端讲授佛法,使得这位蒙古王子皈依佛教,从此,藏传佛教开始传入蒙古。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1253</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,忽必烈会晤萨迦班智达的继承人,萨迦五祖八思巴。八思巴本名罗卓坚赞,《元史·释老传》说他“生七岁,诵经数十万言,能约通其大义,国人号之圣童。”并简略记载了忽必烈和八思巴的关系:“岁癸丑,(八思巴)年十有五,谒世祖于潜邸,与语大悦,日见亲礼。”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">忽必烈建立元朝后,尊八思巴为国师,授予玉印,将佛教定为国教,并且免除喇嘛服兵役,赋税和驿马的义务。八思巴授忽必烈密教金刚灌顶,并为忽必烈创造蒙文新字。藏传佛教由此在蒙古广为传播,蒙古人成为藏人之外另一个广泛信仰藏传佛教的民族。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">元灭后,蒙古佛教一度衰落,直到藏传佛教格鲁派传入蒙古,佛教再度复兴。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1578</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,蒙古土默特部首领俺答汗会见时任哲蚌寺寺主的索南嘉措,双方互赠尊号,俺答汗赠索南嘉措以“圣识一切瓦齐尔达喇达赖喇嘛”尊号,简称“达赖喇嘛”。可见达赖喇嘛这个尊号始于蒙古人。索南嘉措则赠俺答汗“转千金法轮咱克喇瓦尔第彻辰汗”尊号。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">索南嘉措追封格鲁派创始人宗喀巴的弟子根敦朱巴为第一世达赖喇嘛,根敦嘉措为第二世达赖喇嘛,自己则成为第三世达赖喇嘛,由此建立了达赖喇嘛转世制度。索南嘉措之后的第四世达赖喇嘛云丹嘉措是蒙古人,也是格鲁派世系上唯一的一位非藏人达赖喇嘛。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">蒙古人引入藏传佛教以后,渐渐地成为一个全民族信仰佛教的民族,大乘佛教中显密双修的藏传佛教主要是在藏人、蒙古人以及和蒙古人有渊源关系的布里亚特人中间流传,明显区别于其他佛教流派。蒙藏之间几百年的交流,使得两个民族在精神信仰、心理结构和风俗习惯方面有很多相似性,藏民族的政教领袖达赖喇嘛也成为蒙古民族十分尊崇的导师和精神领袖。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">佛教是反对杀生,主张和平的宗教,却在二十世纪遭遇了几近毁灭的灾难,特别是流行藏传佛教的蒙藏,先后遭到外来的共产主义思潮和外族政权的残酷镇压。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">二十世纪上半叶,蒙古被纳入苏联的势力范围,政治上受斯大林控制。受共产主义思潮的影响,在苏联的指令下,蒙古政府没收寺院财产,关闭寺院,驱逐和处决佛教僧侣。僧侣们被迫反抗这一系列毁寺灭佛运动,遭到了更为血腥的镇压。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1924</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,蒙古有二千五百多座寺院,僧侣十一万多人,到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1939</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,蒙古境内僧侣减少至一万三千六百多人。两万多名僧侣被处决,其余的不是被逮捕,死于反抗运动,就是被迫还俗。很多僧侣死于狱中。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1940</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年代,整个蒙古只剩下不到五百名僧侣,全国的寺院几乎全部关闭,蒙古佛教几近全毁,名存实亡。到上世纪八十年代末蒙古佛教开始在废墟中复苏的时候,蒙古约有一千名僧侣,只有境内最大的寺院甘丹寺对外开放。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">在苏联和东欧集团濒临崩溃的八十年代末,蒙古佛教开始复苏。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1988</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">月,蒙古人民党第十九届五中全会做出决议,为过去遭受迫害的僧侣和信徒平反,部分寺院重新开放。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年新宪法重申国家尊重宗教。这时候蒙古的藏传佛教处于十分凋零的状态,新一代的僧侣和信徒不得不远涉前往台湾和印度等地的佛教寺院学习佛教经典和仪轨。最近一些年,每年都有蒙古的僧侣和信徒组团前往达兰萨拉请法。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">由于历史的渊源,现在蒙古三百多万人口中约有一半人信仰藏传佛教,绝大多数为格鲁派,尊奉达赖喇嘛为根本上师。达赖喇嘛在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年首次访问蒙古,以后多次访问,讲经弘法。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">藏传佛教在蒙古的遭遇,也发生在藏地。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年,同样受共产主义意识形态的影响,中国政府在四省藏区展开了以毁寺灭佛为主要内容,以促使佛教消亡为目标的所谓“宗教改革运动”。寺院财产被没收,佛像文物等被盗运至内地,高僧大德被批斗,遭逮捕,有些当场死于斗争虐待,有些死于劳改和长期监禁,大批僧尼被迫还俗。这一毁寺灭佛的运动后来延伸到西藏中心地区,拉萨最为神圣的大昭寺、小昭寺和规模宏大的三大寺都未能幸免。这是佛教在二十世纪遭受的最大灾难,文革中这一灾难达到顶峰的时候,藏地的几千所佛教寺院几乎全部被毁,只剩下寥寥几座。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">就在蒙藏境内佛教遭受毁灭性打击的时候,藏传佛教的一脉生命线却得以保存和延续了下来,这就是达赖喇嘛为首流亡藏人社会的佛教。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">年三月,达赖喇嘛尊者遵照乃琼护法神的神谕建议,秘密出走,安全到达印度,开始了半个多世纪的流亡。十几万藏人僧俗追随他,形成了遍布全世界的藏人流亡社区。他们在匆忙离开家园的时候,带走了他们视之为最宝贵的佛像和经书。他们在异国他乡重建了寺院,培养了一代一代僧侣,完整地保存了藏民族的宗教、文字、艺术和文化。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">藏传佛教四大派的法王,都出走境外流亡,大多数高僧大德都随之流亡,即使是在中国政府的监狱中度过了二十多年的高僧,在活着出狱后,也尽一切努力出走。藏传佛教遭受的苦难,使得各派团结起来,公认达赖喇嘛为藏传佛教的共同领袖。藏传佛教在流亡之地迎来了一个兴旺昌盛时期,流亡中的各大寺院和家乡的寺院,有着千丝万缕的精神联系。所以,流亡社会佛教的兴盛,是蒙藏佛教劫后重生的保证。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">就是在这样的时代背景下,达赖喇嘛展开了他的蒙古弘法之旅。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;">《动向》2016年12月</span></div>
Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-58096787875808835312016-12-10T10:50:00.000-05:002016-12-10T10:51:23.178-05:00给“当代西藏问题”正本清源<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnXqcMmmhyphenhyphenmasg82-eKnEm-nvrWnimbodoWzVDZZBQH3gGTBL6AEqj7MASOYN30_Sq3eNlJC1fDCXp8Uacb2n5Zl-46nvhnI_cc2sjeVFmK9EJIqMSphfap_FQ5FHaKbha6iry-cojrpo/s1600/dalailama_15.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnXqcMmmhyphenhyphenmasg82-eKnEm-nvrWnimbodoWzVDZZBQH3gGTBL6AEqj7MASOYN30_Sq3eNlJC1fDCXp8Uacb2n5Zl-46nvhnI_cc2sjeVFmK9EJIqMSphfap_FQ5FHaKbha6iry-cojrpo/s400/dalailama_15.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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1959年3月,达赖喇嘛逃亡途中</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tibet in
Agony</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lhasa 1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">出版后,我遇到一些美国朋友问当代西藏问题及其起源。对于那段历史,不仅普通西方人不太了解,很多中国人由于长期只能接触中共信息,对此更是不甚了了。怎样用不很长的几句话,尽可能简洁而准确地讲清当代西藏问题的起源,是历史学者的责任,也是一个挑战。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">中文的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">问题</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">一词,在英文中至少对应三个词,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">question</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">issue</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">problem</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。上世纪前五十年,国际政治舞台上的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">西藏问题</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">是以一个问号出现的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“question”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:西藏的政治地位是什么?然而,当下国际政治舞台上的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">当代西藏问题</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,除上述问题之外,还包括与藏民族自决权相关的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">issues</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:西藏的人权和藏人的权利,以及藏人语言文化保存、藏区的环境生态等等。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">要理解</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">当代西藏问题</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的来龙去脉,就必须了解达赖喇嘛为什么在一九五九年出走流亡。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">十七条协议和</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">一九五〇年,当中共解放军占领中国大陆的时候,西藏是喜马拉雅山北一个处于</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">事实独立</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">状态的封闭王国。达赖喇嘛是这个王国的最高精神和世俗领袖,那年他年仅十六岁。新成立的中共政府决心占领西藏,并按照共产主义的意识形态加以改造。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">占领</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">改造</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">是中共政府治藏政策的关键词。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">然而,西藏和中国西部其他的非汉民族区域不同。西藏已有一个以达赖喇嘛为首、历史悠久的政府,有边界、军队、税收、货币、邮政、法律、司法、外交等等,即一个独立国家的政府所具有的所有元素。中共政府为了使得</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">占领</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">西藏具备正当性,在昌都一役击败藏军后,迫使西藏政府派出代表团到北京谈判,于一九五一年签订了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和平解放</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">西藏的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">十七条协议</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">根据这个在武力逼迫下签订的条约,西藏</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">回到祖国大家庭</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,允许中国军队进驻西藏保卫国防,而中国政府则在协议中承诺,保持西藏的已有政治状态不变,未来也只有藏人一方自己愿意改变的时候才会改变。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">中共军队入藏后,紧急修筑了通往拉萨的公路,以便运送人员和供给,维持中共和中国军队在拉萨的存在。毛泽东向他的部下们强调了西藏的特殊性,命令他们在西藏谨慎行事。入藏后的最初五年,中共在西藏工作的重点一方面是培养藏人干部,为未来的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">改造</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">作准备,另一方面是向贵族和高层僧侣输送利益,维持良好关系,称之为</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">统一战线工作</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。一九五四年中国政府邀请达赖喇嘛到北京出席第一届人大,十九岁的达赖喇嘛成为人大副委员长,毛泽东称他和十六岁的班禅喇嘛为最年轻的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">国家领导人</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">这种状态在一九五五年下半年起了变化。此时中共在全国大部分地区完成了所谓</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">土地改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">后,加速实行强迫农民将土地合并的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">合作化运动</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。这种拷贝自斯大林的农业合作化,被认为是一种社会主义革命的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">进步</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。中国的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">土改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">农业合作化</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">像苏联一样,以杀戮和掠夺的方式,破坏了农业经济和传统农村社会。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">此时,传统西藏三区中的康和安多已经被分割在青海、云南、四川和甘肃四省中。这些省的中共干部迫不及待地在本省藏区强制推行</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">土改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">农业合作化</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,他们认为这样不仅可以使藏区</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">进步</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,还可以为西藏提供一个先进的未来样板。然而,中共在藏区的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">土改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">合作化</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">是非常血腥的社会改造工程,虽然称之为</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,这种社会改造和民主丝毫没有相近之处,只是暴力瓦解藏人传统社会结构,代之以中共的权力形态。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛的抗议和</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">六年不改</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">中国政府在四省藏区的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,立即激起了各地藏人的抵制和反抗。中国政府将藏人的抵制、逃亡和反抗一律视为</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">叛乱</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,派军队镇压,动用了包括最新式轰炸机在内的强大军力,对佛教寺院和平民不分青红皂白地屠杀。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">得知四省藏区的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和藏人遭受镇压的实况后,达赖喇嘛为生灵涂炭而焦虑,他多次给毛泽东写信要求停止这样的社会改造,但没有得到回应。他借一九五六年前往印度参加佛教活动的机会,向尼赫鲁表示要留在印度避难,以这样的方式向中共的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">政策发出抗议。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">此时毛泽东需要将达赖喇嘛劝回西藏,以显示中共在西藏的合法性。他派出周恩来两次前往印度劝告达赖喇嘛返回西藏。同时,周恩来一方面和尼赫鲁密谈,要求尼赫鲁给达赖喇嘛施加压力迫使其返藏,答应以承认</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">麦克马洪线</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">为两国边界作为报答;另一方面向达赖喇嘛转达毛泽东在西藏</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">六年不改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的承诺。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">毛泽东终于等到</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">大打</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的机会</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">对于毛泽东和他的干部们来说,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">六年不改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的承诺只是权宜之计,在宣布</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">六年不改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的同时是在金沙江以东藏区</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">坚决改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,同时展开毁灭佛教寺院的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">宗教制度改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。大量僧侣和平民死于非命,迫使求生的藏人家庭和部落逃离家乡,前往拉萨。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">一九五九年三月,在拉萨的中共西藏工委邀请达赖喇嘛到解放军驻地观看文艺演出,但是达赖喇嘛的卫队不能入内。这一消息引起了拉萨市民的恐慌,因为四省藏区的很多高层僧侣和部落头人就是在同样的情况下失踪的。拉萨市民和来自西藏东部的难民自发集结,包围了达赖喇嘛的夏宫罗布林卡,阻止达赖喇嘛前往解放军驻地。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">毛泽东早就向他的部下发出指示要在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">打的基础上</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">实行</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,要</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">边打边改</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。得知一九五九年三月的拉萨事件,毛泽东说</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">终于等到了政治上的主动</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">。毛当即下令启动作战计划,调集军队,在拉萨作出部署,等待藏人反抗力量在拉萨集合的时候,一举予以歼灭。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">达赖喇嘛的出走和当代西藏问题</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">面对拉萨的紧张局势,达赖喇嘛担心一场血腥冲突将要发生,他做出了种种妥协和调解,但无法扭转局面。达赖喇嘛终于确信,只有出走才能促使藏人结束在罗布林卡的集结,从而避免流血。他还希望离开拉萨后有机会和中国政府谈判。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">三月十七日夜,达赖喇嘛带领家人和西藏的主要官员及少数随从,分三批离开罗布林卡,在夜色掩护下渡过拉萨河。在达赖喇嘛出走两天后,解放军对药王山、罗布林卡、布达拉宫、大昭寺、小昭寺等十七个地点展开轰炸和进攻,导致数千藏人死伤。达赖喇嘛一行被迫越过边境进入印度,开始流亡生涯。随后数万藏人追随达赖喇嘛流亡,至今源源不息,形成西藏流亡社区。中国政府借此镇压,废除了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">十七条协议</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,解散西藏政府,完成了对西藏的全面占领,并得以放手展开</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,在以后的大饥荒、文革时期,造成藏人人口大幅降低,是西藏历史上民众最悲惨的时期。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tibet in
Agony</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lhasa 1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">大量利用中国政府解密或半解密的历史文献,追溯中共入藏后政策的演变,证明中共是有目标、有计划、分步骤地实施以阶级斗争理论指导的西藏社会改造,以及这一名为</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">民主改革</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的政策对西藏造成的灾难性后果。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-37212599606861322402016-10-23T23:09:00.001-04:002016-10-23T23:10:59.492-04:00历史不是可以任人打扮的小姑娘──记《一九五九拉萨》英文版翻译出版<div style="font-family: STHeiti, "MS Mincho", "LiHei Pro", "Hei Regular"; font-size: 20px;">
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">我研究一九五九年达赖喇嘛出走印度事件的《一九五九拉萨》在台湾和香港问世后,已经过了六年。最近,经补充修订后的英文版</span><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674088894" target="_blank">Tibet in Agony: Lhasa 1959</a></b></span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">由哈佛大学出版社出版。我在英文版中补充了近几年新发现的历史文献和资料,删去了对西方读者过于隔膜的少量枝节,补充了西方读者需要的若干背景说明。英文版的修订和翻译过程历时两年多,我和翻译</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Susan Wilf</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">所付出的精力和收获的甘苦,不小于对那段历史的研究和重写一本新书。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b> 历史不能任意打扮</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 来自大陆的中国人都知道一句话,「历史是任人打扮的小姑娘」。我们以前也相信这话有道理,毛泽东时代公开提倡「古为今用、洋为中用」,既然要用,自然可以「打扮」,怎么打扮是阶级立场问题。如今的中国领导则变了一下说法,不跟着他「打扮」历史,就是「历史虚无主义」。连「虚无」这个词的词义,也变成了相反的意思。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 据说,「任人打扮」这句话是胡适说的。近几年有人考证,胡适没有说过这句话,这是大陆给胡适栽的赃。我相信台湾人根本不需要作这样的考证,因为胡适是一个历史学家,他是提倡「小心求证」的,如果信奉「任人打扮」的历史哲学,那是荒唐的自我诋毁。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 没有一个严肃的历史学家会相信「任人打扮」的历史观。历史学家可能承认自己无知,但不会承认自己胡闹。二十多年前我在布兰戴斯大学跟着犹太教授学历史的时候,教授常说,通过文本研究来重建史实,就像侦探破案,要对文本进行解读、考证,交叉驳正,要在分散的证据之间建立起逻辑联系,稍有疏忽,你就会造成一个假案错案。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 历史学家对于现实问题和自己研究的历史事件,也有属于自己个人的观点、评价和立场,特别是西藏问题这样还在连续进行中的历史事件,研究者不可能没有自己的立场,史学家们不可能要求自己和同行绝对中立。但是,研究者对历史事件的重建方法,必须是客观的,任何结论都必须有证据,这些结论和证据必须让同行研究者来复验和考证。这就要求研究者呈现出来的研究成果必须符合史学研究的学术规范,「偏向(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">bias</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)」是史学界的一个脏词,人人避之不及。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 虽然你自己觉得你拿出来的东西是客观而不偏向的,然而学界同行是不是认同,是另一个问题,特别是面对西方同行和读者,更是让人如履薄冰。我和翻译</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Susan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">都把自己家人好友动员起来阅读原稿,以读者的角度来寻找叙述中数据引述的缺失和逻辑链的严谨。有些引述缺失是我面向中国读者写作的时候感觉不出来的,比如,上世纪五十年代在西藏展开的「民主改革」、「宗教制度改革」,以及所谓的「土地改革」,那既不「民主」,也不是「改革」,对此我觉得不需要考证,但面对西方读者却不能不加以解释,而且得拿出证明来。毛泽东对达赖喇嘛出走是否主动「让路」,最近几年出现了相当多的否定的和肯定的资料,其中多有真真假假,循环引证和文学性编造,必须对所有数据进行对比分析,才敢拿出结论来。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>细节和格式</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在解密的官方文件中,有很多当年的通知、内部讲话和决议,在解密后往往又重复编辑成集或修订再版。中共是强调内外有别的,文献内容要看时间场合和对象,必须站在当时当地的语境来理解「文外」之义。最常见的是中共干部面对统战对象的讲话,和同一时间中共高层关起门来的讨论,语调相差甚大,内容南辕北辙。公开场合常常显得慈眉善目,却不可以照字面理解,以此作为当时的中共政策,还需要找到当时不公开的内部文件,才能知道「慈眉善目」背后的残忍狰狞。还有一些情况是,公开发表的文献在以后的岁月里似乎是后悔披露了,于是在成集或再版的时候删去关键词句甚至修改,这在国际史学界不可思议的事情,却频频发生于汉语出版物,在网上的引用中更可能变得意思大为走样。有时候,为了一篇似乎平常的文献,我得设法找到历年所有的印刷出版物,经比对后从中找出最完整、最「原生态」的版本。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 记得当初跟着犹太教授学习犹太历史,教授对细节格式极其挑剔,例如文献引用的格式和注释的应用,简直到了把学生逼疯的地步,如今到了将当年的训练付诸实践时,才知道自己深深得益于老师的严格。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 文献引用必须格式统一,这似乎是老生常谈,但西藏当代史文献又有其特殊性。我的英文版涉及英汉藏三种语言,由于上世纪的政治变革,藏区地名变化很大,所有地名都要对历史上的藏文名称和当下政治构架下的名称一一对应,所有藏语人名地名都要有威利和罗马两种拉丁拼法,以满足专业人士和普通读者的需要。我的研究使用了大量公开、半公开和不公开的中文数据,在引用时出版物名称必须全部用汉语拼音完整呈现,以便同行研究者检索、查询和复核原始文献的准确性,这就像科学论文中的实验数据一样,你的实验必须是同行可以重复的才算站得住脚。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>感谢朋友与合作者的帮助</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 在这个过程中,我有幸得到很多朋友的帮助。我可以随时打电话给藏人朋友,询问西藏三区的传统地名,当地藏语方言的叫法,诸如此类只有当地藏人才能知道的细节。精通藏语文的藏学家</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Matthew Akester</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">在藏文文献方面给了我极大的援助。传统藏人牧民社会的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Shokka</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,汉语通常译为「部落」,这样的翻译有几成的正当性和准确性?英语中,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Shokka</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">通常译成</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">tribe</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,是否合适?就为了这个词,我和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Matthew</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">来回信件讨论,非常纠结。此书翻译者</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Susan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">不仅是在翻译,她成了我的合作研究者,协助我一句一句地查核文献证据链的完整性。她的先生是数学教授,甚至替我把书中的数据全部核实了一遍,以确保我没有算错。两年多的合作,现在对于上世纪五六十年代西藏历史中文文献熟悉程度,即使是在藏学界,能和</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Susan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">相比肩的人也不会多。她是语言天才,中英文语感俱佳,普通话比我标准得多,特别是在汉字拼音时的后鼻音,我这个南方人常犯错误,都是她来纠正我。对于一些英语表达的微妙之处,她常常回过头去返工,给我几种不同的表述,谈论哪一种更符合我希望表达的意思。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 我也很感谢哈佛大学出版社的编辑,他们有专业的分工,图片、版权和引用许可、文字和格式,都有专业分工,为了一个标点符号,一个数字,一句话的资料依据,都会数番往复。在专业水平如此严格的要求下,历史当然不可以「任人打扮」了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 可见,仍然相信「历史是任人打扮的小姑娘」的地方,其实就是还没有建立起独立于政治之外的史学学术规范和专业标准而已。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "dengxian";"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">《动向》第373期:http://www.chengmingmag.com/t373/select/373sel24.html</span></span></div>
Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-7250341220563099582016-07-05T10:19:00.000-04:002016-07-05T10:19:21.317-04:00纽约时报:西藏的秘密战争,究竟发生了什么?(下)<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="1959年3月21日,西藏南部,时年23岁的达赖喇嘛骑着白马在逃往印度的第四天。
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达赖喇嘛出走途中</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">【节录】</span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:关于达赖喇嘛的出走,有两种说法颇为流行:让路说,即达赖喇嘛是毛泽东有意放走的,和挟持说,即达赖喇嘛是被</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">叛匪挟持</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">带走的。这两种说法可信吗?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">让路说其实是一个很晚的说法,我仔细追查过源头,正式出来是在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代。其实最权威的资料是《杨尚昆日记》,杨在日记中记下了黄克诚带来的毛泽东指示,其中一条就是尽可能不要让达赖喇嘛走,然后才是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一旦走了也没关系</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。几个小时后,达赖喇嘛就走了。他们都不知道达赖喇嘛什么时候走的,怎么可能让路呢?达赖喇嘛出走的路线都是头天晚上决定第二天如何走的,藏人方面有很多资料证明这一点,所以不可能是让路。挟持说完全是编出来,这是对外的宣传。一个全国人大常委会副委员长出走到印度寻求政治庇护,这怎么对外交代呢?就只好说挟持。达赖喇嘛出走是不是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">CIA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">策划的?我曾问过达赖喇嘛这个问题,他一口否定。他说完全是他自己做出的决定。达赖喇嘛途中遇到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">CIA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">电报员,是出走几天后的事情。这位电报员也只是把信息传递出去,并没有传说中的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“CIA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">派飞机</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之类的事。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:为什么毛泽东要打拉萨战役?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">毛泽东一直希望西藏能出点什么事情,以便推翻</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">十七条协议</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,迅速开始在西藏的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">改造</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">过程。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">拉萨事件</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">发生后,毛泽东说了一句意味深长的话:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">总算等到了政治上的主动。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也就是说,毛泽东一直在等待一个对他有利的时机。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年青海省循化县藏民暴动,即</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">循化事件</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。在这个事件之后到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">22</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,毛泽东有过几个批示。在这些指示中,还可以发现毛泽东的一个重要想法一个重要概念,那就是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">练兵</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,通过战争来</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">练兵</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">让我军锻炼得很能打</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年国防大学教授徐焰发表过一篇文章,题目叫《</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history4/62/20081211/15230128.html" target="_blank">解放军五年藏区平叛的艰苦岁月</a></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,其中也提到在</span>1956<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span>1961<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,解放军在青藏高原通过</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的</span>“<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">艰苦平叛,</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">终于获得了辉煌胜利,并由此获得了高原作战中使用各类武器的特殊经验</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。其实不止</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,中共军队在玉树的军事行动到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月才结束。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,苏联淘汰了一批军事武器图纸给中国,虽然是淘汰的,但在当时中国还是最先进的武器,称为五六式、五四式、五九式等武器,比方说,五四式</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">122mm</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">榴弹炮,就是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">拉萨战役</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中的主要武器之一,还有五六式火箭筒也在西藏用过。斯大林给毛泽东的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">架图</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">远程重型轰炸机的第一次实战,就是轰炸理塘、巴塘和乡城的寺院。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160622/cc22lijianglin2/" target="_blank"><b> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">全文见:纽约时报:西藏的秘密战争,究竟发生了什么?(下)</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:毛泽东为什么要练兵?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">毛泽东需要一支</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很能打</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的军队牢牢控制西藏,同时震慑周边国家。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,在西藏的战争结束,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,中印战争开始。当时报道形容中国解放军势如破竹。当然势如破竹了,这些军队在高原上已经练了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年。像丁盛的部队,是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年直接从韩战战场下来到甘肃青海镇压藏人和回人反抗的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年去西藏镇压藏人,打完之后撤回四川。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年又去打印度。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年三年战争期间,总政总参总后,以及全国的各军事院校都派人去西藏观摩体验,总政看如何做群众工作,总参学习需要什么样的战略战术,总后看需要什么样的装备等等。所有的这一切都在那场战争中实现。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:从</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,藏区像这样的</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">叛乱</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">或是战役有多少场?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏民的反抗是一波一波的,第一波反抗是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的迪庆,之后甘孜、阿坝、甘南、果洛、玉树、海南、黄南等地,都发生了较大的反抗,也都遭到军事镇压,接下来才是西藏。战争在青海那边尤其惨烈。如</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月的柯生托洛滩战役,发生在今天的黄南自治区那里,甘南玛曲县和青海河南县交界的地方。当时在那个黄河滩上聚集了大概</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">7000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">万的藏人,几乎全是逃亡的手无寸铁的百姓,包括妇女、儿童、老人、僧侣等。他们打算渡过黄河,逃到甘南去,在拂晓的时候,被解放军包围,打了整整一天,再比如中铁沟,在一个山涧里,解放军用了飞机和大概六个团的兵力打一群聚集在那里的藏人。这些被打死的人全部是逃到那里躲避的牧民、农民、僧人,解放军打完仗往上报的时候都说成是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">叛匪</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由于资料不足,没法统计整个藏区有多少场战役。我只统计了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1961</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年底西藏自治区范围内发生的战役。在这里一共发生了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">场战役。西藏军区编的一份机密文件里有一个统计数字:在现在的西藏自治区,一年半内藏人死伤被俘</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">8.7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">万人。不过,一场</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">战役</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">通常包含不同规模的战斗,根据公开和内部的官方出版物,我统计出在这六年中,中共军队在全部藏区的大小战斗有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1.5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">万多次,这还是不完全统计。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最近我在解放军总政治部的一份机密文件中看到一个数据,在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年这</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年中,解放军在战场上</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歼灭</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的藏人达</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">45.6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">万多人。外逃人数:《纽约时报》</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">14</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日报道</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">11500</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏人进入印度,也就是说,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">拉萨战役</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一个多月后,进入印度的逃亡藏人就有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">万多人,这个数字还不包括进入尼泊尔、不丹、锡金的人数,以及在途中被追击的解放军打死或因其他原因死亡的人数。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:你在《</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:拉萨!</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">——</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">达赖喇嘛如何出走》前言中说到,</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“1949</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年以来,中共军队进入城市镇压民众抗争的事件,迄今发生过两次,一次是</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的拉萨,另一次是</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1989</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的北京。中共处理这两个事件的方式有很多相似之处。</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有哪些相似之处?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这两场屠杀相差</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">30</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,确实有些相似之处。首先,屠杀的对象是平民。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,藏人中唯一能算得上是正规军人的是藏军,他们当时的总数只有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多人。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,他们有武器,但没有指挥,他们的指挥系统处于瘫痪状态,所以只能各自为阵,有的打,有的投降。在整个</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">拉萨战役</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中,被解放军炮火屠杀的绝大多数是平民。在持续两天的战役中,据中共统计数字,解放军死亡是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">60</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多,藏人是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">500</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其次,在这两场屠杀中有一个很积极的角色或是决策人,那就是邓小平。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,邓小平任中央书记处书记,他积极参与了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">拉萨战役</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的策划。在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">16</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日之间,中共西藏工委常委、西藏军区政委谭冠三跟达赖喇嘛彼此有过三封往来的信。第三封信虽然署名是谭冠三,其实是邓小平写的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第三,两场屠杀都达到了他们的目的,通过军事镇压粉碎了民间的所有反抗。拉萨当时起来反抗的是下层,而不是上层。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">当然,它们之间也有不同点,最大的不同就是,对</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的藏人来说,这是一个外来政权对他们的屠杀。那场镇压虽然中共在军事上胜利了,但留下的后果我们依然可以看到的,藏人依然在反抗,差不对每一代人都在以各种形式反抗。虽然镇压看上去暂时奏效,但民间积累了一定能量后,反抗又会再度爆发。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:如今藏人自焚事件与这场战争有多大关系?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这可以说是当年战争的一个后果。中共非常迷信军事力量,迷信暴力,所谓</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">枪杆子里面出政权</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,然而藏人的反抗也是一直在进行的。反抗什么呢?反抗一个外来政权对他们的占领和改造。我曾经做过一个地图,将西藏三区</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年战争最惨烈的地方标示出来,与网上下载的自焚发生地点的地图比较,发现二者有着惊人的重合性,也就是说,自焚多的地方正是当年战争最惨烈的地方,像安多地区。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至今外界对那段历史知之甚少。很多老一辈的人也不愿提,因为实在是太恐怖了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我曾到青海尖扎县的一座著名寺院,当年的废墟已经没有多少了,寺院的僧人大多是中年人和年轻人,对当年发生的事知道的很少。我问年轻的喇嘛,有人知道</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的事情吗?他们指着一个看上去</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">80</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多岁的老人,说经历过</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年事件的人只剩这一位老僧人了。我问他愿意接受采访吗?那位老人坚决不肯。我回去之后,就看到新闻说,政府把这个寺院殿堂里达赖喇嘛的照片全部没收了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:你的书出来之后,有没有受到批评和责难,尤其是来自中国官方的?你个人生活有没有受到困扰?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">来自各方的批评和责难是不可避免的,批评帮助我更加严谨地分析和考证资料,更加注重细节的真实性和事件之间的逻辑关联。中国官方没有直接反应,他们只是立刻把我的书列为禁书,并且屏蔽微博上的相关评论。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年夏天我</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">潜入</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">四川、青海、甘肃藏区后,他们取消了我的探亲签证。对我的个人生活而言,无法回去看望</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">84</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">岁高龄的母亲,当然是令我困扰的事。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:你个是达赖喇嘛的信徒吗?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这个问题用</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“yes”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">或</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“no”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">来回答可能会引起误解,我想多说几句。我们这一代人是在唯物主义的红色教育下长大的,我在中国从未受过有关宗教的教育。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1988</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年我进入布兰戴斯大学学习犹太历史,自然避不开宗教方面的内容。我在课堂上精读过犹太教和基督教的经典,以及系统的宗教学知识。在以后的十来年里,我接触了世界三大主流宗教,甚至一度加入过纽约著名的印度教团体。我也研究和修习佛教禅宗,练习瑜伽,打坐冥想。但是在宗教问题上,我的态度一直是开放的。宗教史的知识、宗教学的理性和个人的灵性信仰及修为,是既有联系也有区别的两个方面。达赖喇嘛常说的话给我印象很深,他说,各种宗教的不同之处一目了然,人类宗教的相同核心价值却需要我们去共同寻找。我想强调说明的是,我对当代藏史研究并不是源自于对藏传佛教的信仰,也不是基于反共的立场,而是出于基本的人道主义立场和对普世价值的认同。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:你出身红色家庭,如今的研究可以说是一种</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">背叛</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,你有没有对此感到困惑?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">曾经有过一点吧。我母亲属于第四野战军南下工作大队的,南昌解放第六天,她就到了南昌。我父亲是新四军系统的,皖南事变后,他北撤到东北,然后又南下到江西。他们是江西第一批建政干部。从某种意义上说,我确实是从小被培养成革命事业接班人的。不过,当我研究越深,我就对那场</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">革命</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的否定越彻底。但是,这并不影响我和父母之间的亲情,他们处在他们的时代中,我处在我的时代中。我跟我的一个哥哥关系非常近,他的政治观点却跟我正好相反。几年前最后一次回家,在家那些天,我哥哥忙着准备课件,向民众解释</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中国梦</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;我忙着整理在藏区各地采访来的资料。我母亲看着我们两个,叹口气,说我们家出了一个接班人,一个掘墓人,哈哈!</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">罗四鸰,自由撰稿人,现居美国。</span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-89637760134430485712016-06-28T21:13:00.002-04:002016-06-28T21:13:53.531-04:00纽约时报:西藏的秘密战争,究竟发生了什么?(上) <div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1951</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,《中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》,即《十七条协议》签订,中共开始在西藏建立政权,并对西藏进行“人民民主改造”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而仅仅</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年后,“拉萨事件”爆发:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,数万藏人包围达赖喇嘛所居住的罗布林卡宫,阻止他前往中国人民解放军驻地看演出。在中国官方历史中,这一事件被称为“西藏叛乱”,在藏人的叙述中则是“抗暴”或是“起义”。拉萨事件发生一周后,达赖喇嘛秘密出走。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,中国人民解放军炮轰拉萨城,“拉萨事件”演变为“拉萨战役”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到底发生了什么?半个多世纪以来,中国官方历史总是语焉不详,藏人的叙述难免支离破碎。留美独立学者李江琳自</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年开始致力于西藏问题研究,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年她辞去在纽约皇后区图书馆的工作,专注于研究当代西藏史。一方面她研读中国官方出版的藏区县志和州志、军事志和当年的报道,以及各种相关文献资料;另一方面,她走访印度和尼泊尔的</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">17</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">个西藏难民定居点,采访了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">300</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多名来自西藏三区(指安多、康区、卫藏三区)的难民,多次采访达赖喇嘛。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年《</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:拉萨!——达赖喇嘛如何出走》在台湾和香港同时出版,该书详细介绍了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年拉萨事件和达赖喇嘛出走始末。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年《当铁鸟在天空飞翔:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">青藏高原上的秘密战争》在台湾出版,再现了半个多世纪前发生在西藏高原上的鲜为人知的战争。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2014</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年《藏区秘行》出版,记录了对藏区秘密战争历史现场的一一寻访,展现了一个历史与现代交织中的西藏。三部曲前两部英文版将陆续推出,第一部《</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:拉萨!——达赖喇嘛如何出走》英文版《</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tibet in Agony: Lhasa 1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》将由哈佛大学出版社今年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月推出。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李江琳,江西南昌人,红色家庭出身,父母均为第四野战军南下工作团成员。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1982</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年毕业于上海复旦大学外文系。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1987</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年获山东大学美国文学研究所硕士学位,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1988</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年留学美国,先后获得波士顿布兰戴斯大学犹太历史硕士和纽约皇后学院图书馆学硕士学位。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">近日,李江琳通过电话和邮件接受了采访,根据她所进行的调查,她谈到了中共政策</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">50</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代的转变怎么导致“西藏起义”,达赖喇嘛的出走为何属于无奈选择,以及五十年代西藏发生的秘密战争。采访经过删减和编辑,分两部分刊载。以下为上半部分。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;">【节录】</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160621/china-tibet-lhasa-1959-dalai-lama/" target="_blank">全文见:西藏的秘密战争,究竟发生了什么?</a> </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:为什么会对西藏</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年这段历史感兴趣?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:最早接触西藏可以追溯到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1980</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代初,那时我还在上海读书,坐轮船回家,我家在九江。同舱的两个人,身材高大,会说汉语,但很少跟我说话。此外,他们互相说一种奇怪的语言,我一点都听不懂,于是就问他们。他们说他们是在北京上大学的四川藏人。从他们那里我第一次听说达赖喇嘛派代表团来考察这件事。这件事就在心里埋下了种子。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第一次听达赖喇嘛演讲是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1999</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在纽约中央公园,这是他在美国的第二次公开演讲。当时我所在的一个西方禅宗圈的朋友建议我去看看,我就去了。主办方预计有五千到一万人参加,结果来了五万多人。演讲结束后,达赖喇嘛带领五万人同声祈祷,那也是我第一次在纽约看到藏人。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我在纽约皇后区图书馆主持西藏文化节,也让我意识到,我此前对西藏的了解都是文化方面的,对西藏当代历史一无所知。即便是我所知道的西藏文化,基本上都不是藏人告诉我的,要么是中国官方学者,要么是西方人。意识到这点,我就决定自己去藏人那里了解西藏,特别是当代西藏。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2007</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,我第一次去达兰萨拉,还去了印度南方的色拉寺,带回来半箱子资料。我可以在那里随意采访,采访了很多流亡者,也记录了很多资料。我发现西藏流亡史是一个空白,然而我要做西藏流亡史研究就必然要知道他们为什么流亡,这样就自然而然关注到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年达赖喇嘛为什么要出走这件事上。所以,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年我再次到印度,研究范围就主要集中在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的事件。然而我在采访中发现,仅仅讲述</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年是不够的,不能说明达赖喇嘛出走的原因,事情还得往前推,我的研究范围便从</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年扩展到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,对藏人来说,生存保卫战实际上从</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年就开始了。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:你是怎么收集资料的?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:实际上我书中所用的资料只有少量是内部资料,大多是中国官方公开出版的。我从美国、加拿大的不少图书馆借调了很多资料,比如我在哥伦比亚大学图书馆就找到了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的《青海日报》和《青海画报》;我手头的地方志有</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">100</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多部,藏区已经出版的地方志我基本上都有。然后对地方志的每一个部分进行梳理,看看在同一时期发生的事情之间是否有关联性,然后跟公开和内部出版的中央文件对照,总是能找到前因后果。这其实是常规的历史研究方法。我的研究属于实证研究,重在史实重建,从无数的资料中抓取有用的信息,加以考证、驳正、对比、分析、排序等等,用这样的方式把一个事件的来龙去脉梳理出来。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:为写这本书你采访过达赖喇嘛三次,几百位流亡藏人。你有没有在中国境内做过采访?有没有采访过中国官方人物?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年我在四川、青海、甘肃藏区旅行时,随机采访过一些当地藏人和体制内藏人干部和学者,并且采访了前青海果洛州州长达杰,有一些重要采访是委托信任的人替我做的。还有几位当年在青海工作过的人通过各种途径告诉我一些重要信息。由于在中国境内采访原解放军官兵相当困难,我收集了近</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">200</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">份解放军官兵回忆文章和回忆录,还找到一些内部出版的回忆录。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1951</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">5</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,《十七条协议》签订,西藏和平解放,为何还会发生战争?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:所谓“和平解放西藏”是否是真的呢?首先,为什么有一个“西藏地方政府”?为什么别的民族没有“地方政府”,单西藏有“地方政府”?第二,“和平解放西藏”是真的“和平”吗?实际上在此之前[注:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月],解放军攻克昌都,是先有战争,再有这个协议的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1951</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年解放军进入拉萨,并不意味着“占领”已经完成。在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年之前,中共只是进行了各种布局,也有各种预案,由于建政尚未完成,那些预案暂时还没法施行。中共在西藏的基层建政,是在</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1962</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年间,以“边打边改”的形式完成的,也就是说,对西藏的彻底占领以及改造都是通过战争进行的。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:毛泽东本人对西藏做过什么指示?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:毛泽东对于西藏有过相当多的指示,公开出版的有《毛泽东西藏工作文选》,收入</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">101</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">篇,但这只是一部分,还有很多没有收入这本书。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,身在莫斯科的毛泽东给中央及彭德怀拍过一封电报,电报署名是“毛泽东于远方”,这个远方指的是苏联。在这封电报里说到:“西藏人口虽不多,但国际地位极重要,我们必须占领,并改造为人民民主的西藏。”这里有两个很关键的词:占领和改造。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《十七条协议》中有一点非常重要,那就是“十七条”里没有说中共可以在那里建党,只是说中国人民解放军可以进驻西藏保卫国防。所以,从</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1951</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日之前,中共西藏工委是个秘密组织,对外以解放军“独立支队”的名义出现,这本身就违反了《十七条协议》,就像是木马计。这个时候,中共西藏工委已经秘密发展了几百个藏人党员,在西藏各地建立了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">51</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">个党支部。可见,从一开始中国共产党就没打算遵守协议。所以说,对于西藏进行改造是一件势必进行的事情,从一开始就计划好了的,不只是占领,还必须改造。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:是这些“改造”导致后来藏人的反抗吗?</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:引发藏人反抗以及随之遭到镇压的原因是什么,这个问题有一些争议。简单地说,“占领”与“改造”是毛泽东</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年初定下来的方针,中共占领西藏后,西藏工委和驻藏解放军始终不渝地在执行这一方针。一直到现在,中共仍然没有改变“占领和改造”西藏的总方针。也就是说,中共在西藏所做的一切,就是既要“占领”,又要“改造”。但是,中共历史文件证明,在具体政策上,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年末到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年上半年,中共政策有一个明显的转变。在此之前的重点是“统战”,同时培养中共自己的干部。具体行为上强调谨慎。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年末,周边四省决定在藏区开展以土改和合作化为中心的“民主改革”,立即遭到底层藏人的抵制,藏区各地相继发生大规模的藏人暴动,中共中央随即派解放军残酷镇压。遭受镇压的藏人向拉萨方向逃亡,于是不可避免地把达赖喇嘛管辖下的中心西藏地区拉进了这一冲突之中,最终爆发了</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日的“拉萨事件”。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">这是我根据中共文件和各方回忆录重建的史实,从时间点上看,</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年末到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年春是一个转变点。不注意这个时间点,就无法解释那一连串历史事件的因果关系。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">问:如何进行“民主改革”?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">答:藏区的“民主改革”有明确的目标,即以罚款和没收的方式“摧毁封建经济”,收缴民间武器,摧毁寺院,基层建政等等。如在进行“牧业合作化”的时候,把比较富裕的牧民拥有的牲畜用赎买的方式放到公私合营牧场,给的价格非常不合理;牲畜比较少的牧民拥有的牲畜联合起来成立“合作社”。对于牧民来说,这相当于没收他们的全部财产。牧民普遍不接受这样的“改革”,有些部落反抗,有些部落逃跑,这就被说成“叛乱”,于是就派军队镇压,成了一场战争。在青海和甘南等地区最为惨烈,死的人最多。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的时候,我曾经去藏区寻找那些发生过大规模战役的战场,特别开车一整天到青海省兴海县的中铁沟,因为我在印度的西藏难民定居点采访过程中听说了一件事:青海有个地方,有一年发洪水,从山上冲出很多人和牲畜的骨头,把黄河河道都堵住了。我后来了解到那个地方叫中铁沟,在青海省兴海县和同德县交界的地方。根据中共军方资料,那一带是“兴海东南地区围歼战”作战的地点。这场战役打了两次,第一次是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,第二次是</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月到</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月。当时为了逃避中共的“民主改革”,兴海、同德、果洛等地有近万民众逃到那一带的深山里。“海东南地区围歼战”动用了轰炸机对逃到那里的藏人轰炸、扫射,根据军方资料,两次作战共“歼灭”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">8000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多人。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">罗四鸰,自由撰稿人,现居美国。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;"><a href="http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160621/china-tibet-lhasa-1959-dalai-lama/" target="_blank">全文见:西藏的秘密战争,究竟发生了什么?</a> </b></div>
Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-1018255813520862122016-06-16T20:53:00.001-04:002016-06-16T20:53:13.014-04:00大千世界一原子 ——记达赖喇嘛和物理学家的一次对话<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: DengXian;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAC2SioRYJRGX30s43JfDfXkkJCYBoV6H2rd9EA4iZFIHM1fNIN43ZQ3e6A7QPAMK2yrW9qw3fiUT6fE_133wVEtHbZDKN6H5Yw6vNefs8TJVOGx7wRSAl7AU0miajpoiYqazAn4N4KU/s1600/HHDL_MLI_800px.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAC2SioRYJRGX30s43JfDfXkkJCYBoV6H2rd9EA4iZFIHM1fNIN43ZQ3e6A7QPAMK2yrW9qw3fiUT6fE_133wVEtHbZDKN6H5Yw6vNefs8TJVOGx7wRSAl7AU0miajpoiYqazAn4N4KU/s400/HHDL_MLI_800px.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: DengXian;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;">达赖喇嘛尊者与</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 20.8px;">物理学家阿瑟</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 20.8px;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 20.8px;">查</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 20.8px;">恩茨</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">中国政府在一九九四年第三次西藏工作座</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">谈</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">会上,确定了保守</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">强</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">硬派的政策,改</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">变</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">了胡</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赵时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">期反思西藏政策</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">错误</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">态</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">度,而决定采取「拖」的做法,把西藏的一切苦</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">难</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">问题</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">都推到藏人自己身上,指望拖到达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛之后西藏</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">问题</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">自然消失。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们认为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时间</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">不在达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">边</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">此后,他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">也很</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">关</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">心,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对这种</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">「拖延」政策是否感到焦</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">虑</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是不是会因焦</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">虑</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">而</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">绝</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">望,因</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">绝</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">望而屈服?他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">想不到的是,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">仅</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是一个政治</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">领</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">袖,也是一个有极深修</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">养</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的高僧。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">于</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">个世界,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">于</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">时间</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛有深刻的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">认识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">就在外界猜想达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛一定感到焦</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">虑</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和沮</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">丧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">候,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛的精</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">神</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">状态</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">和日常活</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">动</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">一点不受干</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">扰</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">该</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">干什</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">么还</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">是干什</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">么</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">一九九七年和几位当代物理学家的一次</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,我</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">就可以从中看到达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛的心胸和世界</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; 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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛尊西方物理学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">为师</span></b><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,藏</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">传</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">佛教是古印度佛教那</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">兰</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">陀学院理性</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">传统</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">继</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">承人,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">历</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">代那</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">兰</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">陀学派的高僧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">外部世界的本</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">有很深的探索、思考和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">辩论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">积</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">累了浩瀚</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">典,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">些</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">典保存最好的地方是西藏的寺院,西藏的僧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">侣</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">至今</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">还</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">在学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">习这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">些</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">典。另一方面,西方物理学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">察和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">有极高的成就,那是另一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">种</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">文明</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">传统</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的结晶,但是东西方文明所面对的是同一个外部物质世界。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛和其他宗教</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">领</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">袖不一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">样</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的是,他不是</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">西方物理学采取避而不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">见</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">态</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">度,而是充</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">满</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">好奇,千方百</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">计</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">窥</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">其真</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">谛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">他七十年代</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">访问</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">欧美,立即要求拜</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">访</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">西方科学家。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">在达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛的科学自</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">传</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">《一个原子中的宇宙》中,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛提到了最初</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">给</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">讲</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">解当代物理学的科学家,特</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">别</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是德国科学家卡</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">尔</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">冯</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">魏柴克,以及被视为二十世纪最有影响的理论物理学家之一的美国科学家戴维</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">玻姆。达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛称他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是自己的科学老</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">师</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,和他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们结</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">下了</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">长</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">久的友</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">谊</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">每</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">次出</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">访</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">都要找</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时间</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">拜</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">访</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,直到他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">先后逝世。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 从八十年代初</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">开</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">始,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛和西方科学家形成常</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">规</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">性的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">平台,主</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">要集中在心理学和神</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">科学方面,这是因为西方神经科学家们主动要求了解西藏佛教的冥想修行中的科学机制,这个对话平台叫做「心智与生命研究所」。同</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛了解西方物理学的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">热</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">情不减,于是,一九九七年十月末,五位西方物理学家和一位哲学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">组团</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">前往达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛在印度达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">兰萨</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">拉的住地,在此就当代物理学和宇宙学展</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">开</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">了一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">连</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">五天</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">真的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> <b>令人印象深刻的物理学家</b></span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">阵</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">容</span></b><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">领队</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的物理学家阿瑟</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">查</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">恩茨是著名天体物理学家,而且</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">人文科学有很深的思考,著作等身。他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">带</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">来了在奥地利工作</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的同事,世界闻名的实验物理学家安东</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">翟林格。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">安</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">东</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">翟林格在量子物理学基础方面的理论和实验有开拓性贡献,是现在迅速发展中的量子信息学领域的领军人物。另一位物理学家是美国</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">乔</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">治</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">亚</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">理工学院的戴</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">芬克尔斯坦,作为一位理论物理学家,他有一些前沿性的思考是非常深奥的。在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">次</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">中,他的一些想法</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">连</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">场</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的其他物理学家都感</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">觉</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">抽象</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">难</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">懂,他的抽象理</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">思</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和安</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">东</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">翟林格成为明显的对照。翟林格</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">坚</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">持</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物理学家的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">规</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">范,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物理学家只能研究物理</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">象,而「只有</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">够观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">察到的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">象才是</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">象」。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">阿瑟</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">查</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">恩茨</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">则</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是在两人之</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">间</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,起到了</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">与理</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">两个</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">领</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">域的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">桥</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">梁作用。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 另外两位物理学家,一是普林斯</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">顿</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">大学天体物理学家皮埃特</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">哈特,有一颗行星就是以他的名字命名的;</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">还</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">有一位是天文学教授</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">乔</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">治</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">‧<span lang="ZH-CN">格林斯坦。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 当达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛和一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">组</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">候,科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">通常会邀</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">请</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">一位哲学家或科学史</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">专</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">家参加,在哲学或科学史方面提供</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">专业</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">知</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,指</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">导对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">次达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛和西方物理学家的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">,邀</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">请</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">了哈佛大学中国</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">历</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">史和哲学教授杜</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">明先生。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">查</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">恩茨</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,有一位</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">华</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">人哲学家和史学家参与</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">次和达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,有着特</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">别</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的意</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">义</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> <b>物</b></span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界本</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和佛教的空性</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span></b><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 五天的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是从微</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">开</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">始的,由</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物理学家翟林格</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">领头</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">介</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">绍</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">二十世</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">纪</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">量</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">子物理学的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">发现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">些</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">发现颠</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">覆了自伽利略和牛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">顿时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">代以来</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">典物理学的根本</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">念,向人</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">类</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">提出了一些</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">难</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">以理解的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">问题</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">理</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物理学家芬克</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">尔</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">斯坦解</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">释</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">了量子力学和相</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">空</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,以及新物理学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">人</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">类</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">自</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">亚</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">里士多德以来的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">逻辑</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">学提出的挑</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">战</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">最后两天的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话则转</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">向天文学和宇宙学的宏</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界,科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">向达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛介</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">绍</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">了大爆炸理</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,暗物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的思想,宇宙是否无限,是否有</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">边</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">界,以及宇宙的未来。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">些</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">内</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">容充</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">满</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">了惊人的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">发现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">、困惑与争</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">议</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">十分迫切地想知道,佛教和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">东</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">方文明</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">长</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">久</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">以来是怎样对待这些议题的,有些怎样的思想。达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">兴</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">致勃勃地</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">倾</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">听科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">进</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">行的科普宣</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">讲</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">提出</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">问题</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">要求解</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">释</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">佛教那</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">兰</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">陀学院近千年</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">积</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">累的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">典了如指掌,特</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">别</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是公元二世</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">纪龙树</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">菩</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">萨开创</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的中</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观论传统</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,那是达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">强项</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">当科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">讲</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">解中提</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">问</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">佛教的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">点</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛信手拈来,如数家珍,一一介</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">绍</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">历</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">史上的佛教大</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">师们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是如何分析的,常常令</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">些知</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">渊博思</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维严谨</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">而非常挑剔的科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赞叹</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">不已。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 西方物理学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛一起回</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">顾</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">了</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">东</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">西方</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">外部物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认识过</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">程。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">粒子</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">曾</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是西方科学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">长</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">期以来</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">本</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,直到</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">代基</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">本粒子的发现和量子力学的确立,粒子论有了本质上的改变,当代物理学对于物质结构的认识,是经典物理学匪夷所思的。达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛告</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">诉</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,古印度佛教也有</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">类</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">似的粒子</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界是有几</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">种</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">基本的粒子所构成的。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">但是,佛教思想家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">通</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">过</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">思想</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">强</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">度极高的分析,最后得出</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">结论认为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质结</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">构的分析可以一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">层</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">层</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">深入,最后达到精微</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">层</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">面,是一切物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的本</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">层</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">面,那就是空粒子。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">空粒子的描述,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">让</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">惊</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">叹</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">古印度佛教思想家通</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">过</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">思</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">辩论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">所叙述的空粒子的性</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,竟和近百年西方新物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">理学的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">发现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">如此「平行」。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">西方科学家想知道,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">东</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">方佛教思</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">想家在没有实验仪器,没有数学定量手段的条件下,是如何在近两千年前得出这样精细的结论的。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">代物理学是建立在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和数学推理基</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">础</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">上的高度</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">复杂</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的体系,但是物理学也依</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">于「思想</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">」,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">爱</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">因斯坦的相</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">就肇始于他的几个著名「思想</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">」。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">而</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这种纯</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">粹在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">头脑</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">中</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">进</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">行的假</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">设</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">、推理和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">办</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">正,恰恰是佛教的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">传统</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">思想方式,特</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">别</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">是藏</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">传</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">佛教的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">辩经</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,就</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">类</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">似于</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这样</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的「思想</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实验</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">」。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">参加</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的科学家从佛教的空性</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,看到了人</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">类</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">思想的巨大潜力。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">相、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">虚</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">相和名相</span></b><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 杜</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">明先生在五</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">天</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">中起了很大的引</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">导</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">、解</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">释</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">协调</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">作用。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">每</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">当西方科学家</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对东</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">方思路理解困难的时候,就请杜维明来解释。人作</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">为观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">察者、外部物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界作</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">为观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">察</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">象,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">语</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">言作</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">工具,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">三者之</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">间</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">关</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">系,三者各自的局限,杜</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">明的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">阐释</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">非常精彩。他的解</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">释实际</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">上是中国道家的思想,而佛教中有非常微妙的方法来定</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">义</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">和区分</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">实</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">相、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">虚</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">相和名相,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">些知</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">识对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">于所有人都是非常有</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">启发</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">意</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">义</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">的。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">五天的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,最后以哲学家杜</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">维</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">明的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">长</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">篇</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">讲话</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">作</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">结</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛后来</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">说过</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">,古印度佛教中的科学,叫做「</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">内观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">」科学,注重的是人的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">内</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">在心智,在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">方面佛教科学是有</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">优势</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的,但是,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">外部物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">质</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">世界的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">认识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">,当代西方科学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">远远</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">走在前面,佛教</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">应该</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">向西方科学学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">习</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">嘛在十多年后终于成功地在佛教格鲁派寺院里安排学僧们学习现代科学,开创了佛教面对现代化的革新。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;"> 佛教的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时间观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">念是非常特殊的,理解一百五十</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">亿</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">年前</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">发</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">生的大爆炸一点没有困</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">难</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">这样</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">时间观</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">指</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">导</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">下,达</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">喇嘛在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">现实问题</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">上具有常人不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">备</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">的超越心</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">态</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">他一直在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">别</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">人以</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">不可能的困</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">难</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">情况下做着</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">该</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">做的事情,最后达到的成就却是</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">别</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">人</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">难</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14pt;">以企及的。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">一切,大概是中国政府那些政治</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">动</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">物</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">们</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">看不到也不愿面</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">对</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;">的。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: MS Mincho; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">《动向》370期 </span></span><span style="font-family: MS Mincho;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 20.8px;">http://www.chengmingmag.com/t370/select/370sel30.html</span></span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-13051856475057261532016-06-15T16:56:00.000-04:002016-06-15T16:56:20.739-04:00「翻身农奴」心向谁?──从神秘的「西藏反帝党」说起<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">不仅「占领」还要「改造」西藏</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五一年中共进入西藏,其明确方针不仅是要「占领」,还要「改造」西藏。中共开动宣传机器,与此方针紧密配合。「占领」的依据是「西藏自古以来就是中国的一部分」,这种说法逻辑上就说不通;「改造」就要动用共产党的看家武器,即「阶级和阶级斗争」理论。照中国政府的说法,西藏的「百万农奴」渴望翻身,要求中共在西藏实行「民主改革」。「翻身农奴心向党」是中共在西藏问题宣传上的主旋律。事实如何呢?我在研究上世纪五十年代末西藏史实的时候,发现了一些从未公开的神秘文件,可以一窥当年西藏社会年轻一代的政治要求。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 一九五九年三月导致达赖喇嘛出走的拉萨事件,长期扑朔迷离,史实不清,在以后的半个多世纪里,中国政府的宣传一直说是拉萨的上层贵族和农奴主发起叛乱,而中共军队血洗拉萨城的「拉萨战役」则是「平息叛乱」。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 随着达赖喇嘛自传出版,藏人方面一些亲历者和美国中央情报局有关人士回忆录的出版,以及文革后的改革开放时期,当年的文件和「内部报道」渐渐公开,研究者也得以接触到一些解密或半解密的档案,一些基本事实浮出水面。一九五九年三月拉萨紧张局势的起因,和达赖喇嘛与噶厦政府并没有直接关系。达赖喇嘛当时一直想和西藏工委配合以避免流血冲突,他不支持藏人进行武装反抗的准备,他的侍卫长帕拉甚至不让中央情报局训练的人士接触达赖喇嘛。三月十日后,达赖喇嘛和噶厦都已无法控制社会上普通藏人的集会,而人数不多的藏军一直到战事爆发都按兵不动,是被动地卷入了武装冲突。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 如今已经公开的中共文献证明,拉萨事件的主动者是中共西藏工委和解放军。在四省藏区发动土改和摧毁藏人社会结构的「民主改革」而引起的藏人反抗,必定将西藏拖入武装冲突,中共借机通过「边打边改」在西藏实行「改造」这一方针。一九五九年三月的「拉萨事件」爆发之后,毛泽东「一语泄露天机」:「终于等来了政治上的主动」。言下之意,他可以用「平叛」为借口放手镇压,消灭了反对势力以后,就可以随心所欲地改造西藏了。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 那么,一九五九年三月是谁在组织和领导大规模的民众抗议,是谁发动和领导民众包围达赖喇嘛的夏宫罗布尔卡以阻止达赖喇嘛前往解放军军区?文献和亲历者回忆都证明,当时在拉萨有几个地下民间组织在活动,是他们在发动和领导藏人民众保护达赖喇嘛,反抗中共占领。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>拉萨事件中的三个主要民间组织</b></span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 库松代本彭措扎西当时是负责达赖喇嘛保卫工作的藏军军官,他又是达赖喇嘛的姐夫,亲历了中共入藏后发生的所有重大事件。根据他的回忆录,拉萨事件中有三个主要的民间组织在起作用。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 最为著名的是孜本夏格巴和达赖喇嘛的二哥嘉乐顿珠在印度噶伦堡建立的「西藏幸福协会」,也叫「西藏福利会」。孜本夏格巴出身贵族,原是噶厦官员,是西藏近代史上较早有现代意识的贵族。嘉乐顿珠因为是达赖喇嘛的哥哥而拥有贵族地位,和国民政府有较深的关系。他们有强烈的西藏民族意识,是当时西藏屈指可数的具有国际视野并有一定对外关系的人,对西藏被占领的现实和未来亡国灭种的可能性忧心忡忡。他们在解放军入藏后不久就离开西藏,定居于喜马拉雅山另一侧的著名商城噶伦堡。他们组织的「西藏幸福协会」以噶伦堡为中心,并在拉萨建立了秘密分支。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 第二个组织是「人民会议」,这是由商人阿乐群培发起的,这个组织由于一九五二年发生的「人民会议事件」而被取缔,中共还借此强迫达赖喇嘛撤销了两位司曹的职务,但这个组织并未彻底消亡,而是转入地下。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 第三个组织更有意思。一九五一年中共占领西藏以后,挑选了一些藏族青少年去北京学习,向他们灌输共产主义思想。然而,他们中一些人在北京学习以后,知道了更多外部世界的事实,对中共改造西藏的前景更加了解,自然而然地对中国政府的占领与改造非常反感。一九五五年,这些人从北京返回西藏后,其中有个叫阿旺桑格的人组织了一个名为「独立联盟」秘密组织。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>被掩盖的民间组织史实</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 我对拉萨事件的研究得出结论,一九五九年三月拉萨藏人群众的主要发动者、组织者和领导者就是这三个组织。这三个组织和噶厦官员有程度不一的联系,他们在紧张局势下给自己规定的主要任务也是首先要保障民族领袖达赖喇嘛的安全,但是噶厦并不支持他们发动民众对抗解放军的想法,拒绝和他们合作。中国政府以往指责达赖喇嘛和噶厦发动叛乱,是完全不符合事实的。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共的宣传对这三个组织也区别对待。公开宣传最多的是夏格巴的「西藏幸福协会」,夏格巴的日记也已经公开。事实上,夏格巴和嘉乐顿珠那时在印度的主要努力是设法和美国方面建立联系,这种努力远远没有达到令人满意的成效,主要原因是美国并不愿意公开卷入西藏事务而令印度、英国和国民政府不快,美国只愿意让中央情报局展开有限的以获取情报为主要功能的秘密活动。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">CIA<span lang="ZH-CN">要求达赖喇嘛出面提出请求,而达赖喇嘛并没有这样做。夏格巴的西藏幸福协会在拉萨的活动能量是有限的。但是,在中共的宣传和中国的藏史界,对夏格巴的西藏幸福协会的讲述最多,造成「拉萨事件」是夏格巴等人在主导的印象。这样的「结论」符合中共对西藏问题的解释,因为夏格巴有西藏旧贵族的渊源,而嘉乐顿珠又是达赖喇嘛的哥哥,他们的组织与美国有联系。中共宣传机器大力宣讲西藏幸福协会,一是证明「西藏叛乱」是达赖喇嘛和贵族农奴主发动的,二是暗示美国在背后策动。</span>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 中共的宣传和境内藏史界讲述最少的是「独立联盟」,这个由中共培养的「民族干部」,在北京受训的年轻人成立的组织。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 拉萨事件后,新华社内参上刊登了解放军在罗布尔卡搜查到的一份文件,题为「西藏反帝党章程」。我对它的内容和文本进行过仔细的分析。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 这个章程具有现代政党的风格,提出了明确的民族和国家要求,有政党的组织和纪律要求,规定了党员的任务和权利,甚至有「男女平等」、「党内一律平等」以及批评及申诉等规定。章程中的很多具体规定显然是从外部学习和模仿而来,特别是向非常重视组织的中共学习和模仿。事实上,就像印度独立运动骨干全部是英国殖民者培养的本土人才一样,中共在占领西藏后刻意培养的藏族干部中,也会产生藏民族中最有本民族意识的精英,特别是从底层「翻身农奴」中产生的人才。所以,这个「反帝党」很可能就是由北京回来的年轻人组织的「独立联盟」。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 「反帝党」这个名字可圈可点。那些年轻人眼中的「帝国主义」是谁?当时占领西藏的不是「英帝」或「美帝」,因此当时中共宣传中的「英美帝国主义」不可能是「反帝党」所反的对象。从「党章」的内容来看,「西藏反帝党」反的显然是占领并将全面改造西藏的「中帝」。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 这个被中共视为「非常反动」的组织,中共定然花大力气调查处理,但是以后却再也没有公布过相关数据,这个组织就这样神秘地消失了。中共的宣传部门没有用它来做任何文章,显然是因为它不符合中共的宣传需要。然而,正是这样的组织,证明了中国政府不愿承认的事实:对中共的统治反抗最强烈的,恰恰是底层的「翻身农奴」。</span><span style="font-family: "dengxian"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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《动向》第370期:http://www.chengmingmag.com/t370/select/370sel29.html</div>
Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-74542007619290225992016-05-28T17:08:00.000-04:002016-05-28T17:08:02.209-04:00丁一夫:自由就是国界, 自由就是家乡——跟着达赖喇嘛学流亡<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">今年是文革爆发五十周年,文革结束四十周年。是文革使得我们这一代中国人和政治结下不解之缘。六月将是八九天安门事件二十七周年,海外的中国人会有很多纪</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">念活动,纪念文革,纪念六四。在文革后,尤其是八九后出走海外的很多朋友,都将在这样的纪念场合重逢。当初意气风发的青年,如今都两鬓苍苍。三十年过去,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">今日中国的政治状况,很多方面还不如当年。故乡不只是不堪回首,我们中很多人在中国政府的黑名单上,连回国奔丧尽孝都做不到。我们仍然不同程度地在政治、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">个人生活、精神状态的某个方面处于流亡的状态。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一九五九年三月,西藏政教领袖达赖喇嘛为避免民众流血,突然出走印</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">度。在到达避难之地后,达赖喇嘛和他年仅十几岁的弟弟,回望被喜马拉雅山阻隔的家乡。他</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">说,「现在我们是难民了」,从此开始了流亡生涯。一九九○年,达赖喇嘛出版了他的自传《流亡中的自由》。达赖喇嘛用他的人生经历,向我们证明,和流亡相连</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的,还有一个美丽的关键词:自由。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二〇一五年年底,我在南印度西藏下密院偶然遇到了一个中年俄罗斯男子,聊起来才知道,他是一个社会学</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">研究者,在西藏难民定居点已经住了几年,他是专门研究</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">西藏难民身份认同问题的。他想要回答的问题是,十馀万追随达赖喇嘛出走的藏人,生活在印度次大陆和喜马拉雅山南麓的十亿印度人中间,他们的身份认同状况是</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">怎样的。他们是在怎样的具体状态下「融入」了主流社会?他们是否能继续保持自己的藏人政治认同?他们对自己政治前途的期望是什么?</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">研究题目抓住了政治流亡者一个普遍的两难处境。和当代一些突发的战争或自然灾害造成的流亡群体不一样,藏人的流亡持续了半个多世纪,现在还看不到结束</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">流亡返回家园的可能日期。在异国的生存发展和保持政治认同形成了无法回避的张力,在欧美的中国政治流亡者同样如此。我们看到的普遍情况是,欧美自由国家给</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">了中国政治异见者自由和生存发展的空间,融入主流社会却和保持原有政治意识构成一对矛盾,特别是从事文科且流亡时年龄较大的人,都面临着所谓「得到了天</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">空,失去了大地」的悲情局面。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">当年,达赖喇嘛和追随他出走的十馀万流亡藏人,面对着更大的困</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">难。印度次大陆的湿热气候对流亡初期的藏人造成了极大的伤害,很多人死于疾病伤痛和营养不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">良。印度次大陆和欧美不同,那里本身有普遍的贫困问题,生活资源不足,还有数亿人口的汪洋大海。藏人在这个人口汪洋中,融入主流社会后,很可能意味着丢失</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政治认同,并逐渐失去自己的文化独特性。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在困难而危急的流亡初期,达赖喇嘛作出了决策,藏人既要在流亡之地生存发展,也要保持藏人的文</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">化、语言和政治认同。于是,达赖喇嘛向印度政府提出,藏人要</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聚居,形成流亡基地,藏人的儿童要在专门为藏人办的学校里接受现代教育,藏人要建设自己的寺院;然后,藏人将在国际社会的帮助下,自立互助,生存发展,并</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">为印度社会做出贡献。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">半个多世纪来,流亡藏人就是这样做的,他们的第三代都已经成长起来。西藏流亡社区是二战后世界流亡人群中最和平、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最友好、组织良好、最受全世界尊重的流亡</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社会。我在印度、尼泊尔各地的藏人定居点看到,最好的建筑是寺院和学校,藏人的年轻一代大多都能用藏语、英语和印度语三种语言,老人得到了妥善照顾。各个</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">难民村的领导机构是福利办公室,其主要工作是赡养老人,提供医疗等事务。各地藏人根据不同条件,发展自己的产业。南方以三大寺为核心的定居点,俨然成为丛</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">林中欣欣向荣的现代城镇。冬季在全印度卖毛衣的商贩,几乎全是流亡藏人以合作社形式互相扶持的小贩。流亡藏人的学校都是当地比较好的学校,一般要招收百分</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之十五左右的当地印度人孩子。流亡藏人开办的旅馆饭店招收印度员工,为印度社会提供工作机会。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年轻一代的流亡藏人,很多在印度大学里完</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">成了高等教育,有些则来到欧美,顺利融入欧美主流社会。但是,历经半个多世纪后,很多藏人仍然保持难民的政治身</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">份。藏人行政中央(即西藏流亡政府)已经改革成为民选的现代民主社会的权力机构。流亡藏人的政治身份认同不存在丢失的危机。达赖喇嘛在二○一一年极具勇气</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和深谋远虑地宣布政治退休,把权力全部移交给流亡政府,让流亡政府得到锻炼机会,让民主机制逐渐成熟,至今已经五年。藏人的流亡基地就像孩子学步,尽管还</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不稳,终将强健起来。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在欧美的中国政治流亡者群体,也面临类似的问题。有些人迅速融入了主</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流社会,却和原有的政治诉求渐行渐远,还有些人以妥协为代价回归故乡,更多的人在生存</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和流亡之间挣扎。有一些人坚持当年的政治理念,至今保持难民身份。中国政治流亡者群体中,有很多十分出色的人才,很多人做出了极大的个人牺牲。但是,中国</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政治流亡者的悲情经常表现为沮丧感和孤独感,其原因是流亡者群体在自组织方面的数次失利,于是产生了古今中外政治流亡者难以避免的互相指责和碎片化。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相比之下,流亡藏人在互助和自立能力及其组织方面交出了令人瞩目的成绩单。这和达赖喇嘛的引导和指点是分不开的。达赖喇嘛是古印度佛教那兰陀学院理性传统</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的继承人,最推崇公元二世纪龙树菩萨的中道哲学。达赖喇嘛和藏人半个多世纪的流亡,大部分时间都处于十分困难的状态,但是达赖喇嘛从没被悲情所俘虏,从不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">沮丧,从不绝望。流亡初期,当全世界都以为西藏问题已经从国际政治舞台上消失了的时候,达赖喇嘛继续他的弘法事业,给所有愿意听的人讲经,和著名天主教修</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">士托马斯</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "微软雅黑",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">默顿交流冥想修行的心得。当他终于能够访问西方的时候,途径任何地方,只要听说那里有高深的宗教修行者,他就前往要求会见交流。他和全世界所有</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主要宗教的精神领袖都有来往,都友好平等地交流。每到一地,他都争取访问大学,要求和著名科学家对话。他和世界一流的物理学家和神经科学家的对话,持续了</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三十年。无论处于什么境地,无论遇到什么挫折,达赖喇嘛的态度是该干什么还是干什么,快乐来自于内心。他的快乐的笑声,出自内心,闻名世界。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流亡藏人在达赖喇嘛的领导下,表现出政治流亡群体非常难得的团结互助和自立发展的能力。藏人内部也有地域、宗教流派和政治观点的差别,也有流亡中的种种艰</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">辛,敌视流亡藏人的外部政治势力也在渗透和破坏藏人社会,但是,达赖喇嘛用他的理性、深思熟虑和幽默快乐的语言,四両拨千斤,稳定了藏人社区的人心。达赖</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">喇嘛用他的行动,向我们显示了什么是流亡中的自由。达赖喇嘛的榜样在提醒我们,在自由世界流亡,并非不幸,因为对于一个自由的心灵,自由就是国界,自由就</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是家乡,在我们得到自由的同时,我们也得到了快乐。</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7465713348166300228.post-81146261779448469482016-05-23T21:30:00.003-04:002016-05-28T16:58:02.625-04:00西藏问题谁之罪──从阿沛‧阿旺晋美的一篇文章说起<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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阿沛·阿旺晋美</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一九五九年三月拉萨事件导致达赖喇嘛出走印度,从根本上改变了中国政府和以达赖喇嘛为政教领袖的藏民族的关系。这一事件是我研究的重点。为此,我必须研读我所能够接触到的所有数据,包括解密和半解密的历史档案、中共文件、中共领导层的内部讲话、以及中共和西藏方面亲历者的回忆录。在这些资料中,阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美「谈一九五九年三月十日事件真相」流传很广,可以作为史学中「文本研究」方法的典型。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>拉萨事件亲历者阿沛</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美一九一○年出生于拉萨的贵族家族,年轻时当过藏军军官。中共入藏前,他担任过昌都粮官、法官、西藏政府的财务官孜本、昌都总管,噶厦政府的噶伦,是旧时西藏政府的一个重要官员。一九五○年昌都战役中任藏军指挥官,兵败被俘;一九五一年受达赖喇嘛和噶厦政府委派赴北京任谈判首席代表,签订了十七条协议。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 在西藏贵族和官员中,阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美是罕见的特例,在一九五九年三月拉萨事件期间,他在解放军西藏军区内受到保护,一度曾不成功地担任中共西藏工委和达赖喇嘛沟通的渠道。此后半个世纪里,他就一直和中共与中国政府合作,成为除班禅喇嘛以外藏人政治地位最高的人,官至全国政协副主席。即使是在文革中,当班禅喇嘛身陷囹圄的多年里,他仍然受到中国政府的特殊保护。他处于险恶的中国政治风浪中西藏问题的风口浪尖,却是名副其实的不倒翁。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 但是,了解阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美并非表面上那么简单。早在一九五一年谈判《十七条协议》期间,中国政府要求商讨十世班禅喇嘛人选问题。阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美表示拒绝,他说这是西藏内部事务,只有达赖喇嘛才能决定。一九八九年十世班禅圆寂后,阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美第一个提出,要按西藏传统宗教仪轨办理十世班禅葬礼,寻找十世班禅转世灵童。他的提议促使中国政府恢复被废除了三十年的藏传佛教高僧转世制度。他又在西藏自治区人大的讲话中宣布,他在南京国家第二档案馆查看了历史档案,证明当今达赖喇嘛和十世班禅都没有经过「金瓶掣签」,达赖喇嘛的坐床典礼并不是国民政府代表主持的。这两件史实事关重大,对于澄清近代西藏历史上的所谓「主权归属」意义极为重大长远。所以,我曾采访过的老一辈西藏历史专家郑重地对我说过,阿沛是一个真正的政治家,他懂得什么时候不得不妥协,什么时候就不能妥协。二○○九年阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美以九十九岁高龄逝世后,中国政府和达赖喇嘛及西藏流亡政府都表示哀悼,正面肯定了阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美的人生和贡献。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFjkzdsorNljroz_gFUq9nlO7OTBzsqEx0AWKS3bkFrBwE4wasMx2FYIasAn4rBWIAd_eHULmL-jyzeVwG6ANV17YSc1I2Etr2lNN2qtM0nQsNHxrH78iwFe9k7esXd8rON0Han2jhMQ/s1600/F201205280857144492977467.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFjkzdsorNljroz_gFUq9nlO7OTBzsqEx0AWKS3bkFrBwE4wasMx2FYIasAn4rBWIAd_eHULmL-jyzeVwG6ANV17YSc1I2Etr2lNN2qtM0nQsNHxrH78iwFe9k7esXd8rON0Han2jhMQ/s400/F201205280857144492977467.jpg" width="307" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美是一九五九年三月拉萨事件的亲历者,他那时在噶厦政府中担任噶伦,还有解放军西藏军区第一副司令员的头衔。他比达赖喇嘛年长二十多岁,出生在霍康家族,又联姻于宇妥家族,当时是年轻的达赖喇嘛必须依靠的老一代贵族。没有人比他更有资格来谈一九五九年拉萨事件的真相。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 没有自由就没有真相</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 历史研究需要史料验证,文本验证的第一步,是比对阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美谈一九五九年三月事件的真相的多个版本。中国的出版物和读者都不讲究编者、出版者的标识和责任,在引用、辑录、重版时候的改动通常都不加说明,编辑在修改文本的时候也常常不经过原作者认可。所以,不同版本中新出现的一句话或删掉的一句话,到底是属于原作者的还是改编者的,责任是不清晰的。</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美作为中国政治中心地带的一个西藏贵族合作者,情况更为复杂。他谈一九五九年三月事件,我手上就有十来个版本。一九八八年刊登于《中国藏学》第二期,同年收入《西藏百题问答》,并在《新华文摘》第十一期以报道形式出现,二○○三年收入《见证百年西藏》,二○○八年出现在中国网的《揭秘一九五九年西藏叛乱真相》,二○○九年编入《西藏民主改革纪念文集》,同年出现在新华网上,并被很多国内网站以不同形式转载。这些文本都宣称是阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美的谈话,可是文本之间差别非常大,在阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美去世前将近一百岁的时候,新文本还会出现大段以前版本中没有的文字,或者有一些关键句子悄悄地删掉了。这些是阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美的话吗?这些谈话是「真相」吗?</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 事实上,大家心知肚明,阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美是一个失去了自由的人。在中国,没有言论自由这回事,处于阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美的地位,言论不自由尤甚。没有言论自由的极端是没有了不说话的自由。没有言论自由,就没有真相。</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美谈一九五九年三月的各种版本到处出现,互相之间可以说面目全非,虽然打的都是阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美的名号。俗话说,言多必失。当新的编辑者增加一段,越是把「当时场景」描述得栩栩如生,就越是可能在细节上暴露出伪造的痕迹。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 谁造成了西藏的苦难</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 二○○三年的《见证百年西藏》收入了的阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美谈一九五九年三月事件真相,篇幅大增,描述也更为具体,新增加了达赖喇嘛在布达拉宫的卧室里亲自向西藏军区副司令员邓少东和工委秘书长郭锡兰提出要去看西藏文工团演出,连达赖喇嘛的原话都有:达赖喇嘛是听机巧堪布洛桑三旦说西藏文工团演出的节目很好,所以想看一下。洛桑三旦是达赖喇嘛的哥哥,那时候已经在美国,阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美不可能不知道这一点。这一段描述,完全是后来的编辑者胡编乱造。那时九十三岁的阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美即使知道这些用他的名号进行的宣传事实上将诋毁他的历史声誉,他又能做什么?</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 中共是不区分史料和宣传的。在上世纪八十年代初期,胡耀邦等中共领导人终于意识到中共入藏后给藏民族造成的空前灾难,承认中国政府在藏区犯了错误。中共在藏区的「民主改革」、「宗教改革」、「平叛」、「人民公社化」等所造成的破坏和苦难的历史事实,也渐渐地为人所知。然而,从一九八七年胡耀邦下台开始,中共顽固派重新得势,但是他们又不再可能完全否定已经揭露的藏区苦难事实,于是采取了把一切都推到藏人一方的策略:藏人的苦难都是因为藏人自己要叛乱。中共采用了彻头彻尾的欺世盗名的做法,他们要让阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美这个藏人旧贵族来说出中共想说的话:「因此,一九五九年在西藏发生的叛乱是毫无道理的。这次叛乱并不是中央政策和中央造成的,而是少数上层反动分子自己搞起来的。」</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 还有这样的话,「但反过来想一想,一九五六年,中央已宣布了六年不改的方针,如果认真执行这条方针,不搞叛乱,到『文化大革命』时,整个西藏可能还没有全部进行民主改革</span>.<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(在文化大革命期间,西藏未进行民主改革的边境地区没有搞文化大革命)这样整个西藏也就没有进行文化大革命的条件。「这样的话,听起来就像是强奸犯的辩护词:女人要是穿得正经一点,我也许就不想强奸她了。这种作贼心虚的辩护,不可能是阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美说得出口的。阿沛</span><span style="font-family: "微软雅黑" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微软雅黑;">‧</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿旺晋美不是藏区灾难的直接行动者,他没必要勉强地为作恶者如此辩护。更加欲盖弥彰的是,有些版本后面还跟着这么一句:「那么西藏寺庙以及其他方面遭到的破坏也就无从而来。」但世人明白,藏人无论什么人,是不会去毁寺灭佛的,欺骗过了头就没人信了。</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
Jianglin Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13684134615458969385noreply@blogger.com0